问答题Culture refers to the social heritage of a people—the learnedpatterns for thinking, feeling and acting that characterize apopulation or society, include the expression of these patterns (1) ______in material things. Culture is compose of nonmaterial culture (2) _______—abstract creations like values, beliefs, customs and institutionalarrangements—and material culture—physical object like (3) _______cooking pots, computers and bathtubs. In sum, culture reflectsboth the ideas we share or everything we make. In ordinary (4) _______speech, a person of culture is the individual can speak another (5) _______language—the person who is unfamiliar with the arts, music, (6) _______literature, philosophy, or history. But to sociologists, to behuman is to be cultured, because of culture is the common (7) _______world of experience we share with other members of our group. Culture is essentially to our humanness. It provides a kind of map (8) _______for relating to others. Consider how you find your way about sociallife. How do you know how to act in a classroom, or a departmentstore, or toward a person who smiles or laugh at you? Your culture (9) _______supplies you by broad, standardized, ready-made answers for (10) _______dealing with each of these situations. Therefore, if we know aperson’s culture, we can understand and even predict a gooddeal of his behavior.
问答题
Culture refers to the social heritage of a people—the learnedpatterns for thinking, feeling and acting that characterize apopulation or society, include the expression of these patterns (1) ______in material things. Culture is compose of nonmaterial culture (2) _______—abstract creations like values, beliefs, customs and institutionalarrangements—and material culture—physical object like (3) _______cooking pots, computers and bathtubs. In sum, culture reflectsboth the ideas we share or everything we make. In ordinary (4) _______speech, a person of culture is the individual can speak another (5) _______language—the person who is unfamiliar with the arts, music, (6) _______literature, philosophy, or history. But to sociologists, to behuman is to be cultured, because of culture is the common (7) _______world of experience we share with other members of our group. Culture is essentially to our humanness. It provides a kind of map (8) _______for relating to others. Consider how you find your way about sociallife. How do you know how to act in a classroom, or a departmentstore, or toward a person who smiles or laugh at you? Your culture (9) _______supplies you by broad, standardized, ready-made answers for (10) _______dealing with each of these situations. Therefore, if we know aperson’s culture, we can understand and even predict a gooddeal of his behavior.
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() is a term used to describe the anxiety and feelings (of surprise, disorientation, confusion, etc.) felt when people have to operate within an entirely different cultural or social environment, such as a different country or a different state than where they live.A、Cultural shockB、Culture surpriseC、AcculturationD、Unsuccessful communication
What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. Fighting wastefulness is difficult.B. Needless material is mostly recycled.C. People like collecting recyclable waste.D. The author is proud of their consumer culture.
ESuccessful people in international business understand the cultures of other countries and learn to change their practices in different cultures. They understand the importance of avoiding business decisions based on misconceptions-mistaken ideas.One cause of misconceptions is ethnocentrism, the belief that one’s own culture’s way of doing things is better than the way of other cultures. It’s ethnocentrism that leads to failure in international business. To avoid ethnocentrism, it’s necessary to study the different elements(组成部分) of culture language, values and attitudes, and customs and manners.LanguageA knowledge of the local language can help international business people in four ways. First, people can communicates directly. Second, people are usually more open in their communicationWith someone who speaks their language. Third, an understanding of the language allows people to infer meanings that are not said directly. Finally, knowing the language helps people to understand the culture better.Values and AttitudesValues are people’s basic beliefs about the difference between right and wrong, good and bad. An attitude is way of thinking or acting. Values and attitudes influence international business. ForExample, many people in the United States believe that chocolate from Switzerland is better than chocolate from other countries, and they buy a lot of it.Customs and MannersCustoms are common social practices. Manners are ways of acting that the society believes are polite. For example, in the United States, it is custom to have salad(色拉) before the main course at dinner, not after. It’s not acceptable to talk with food in mouth at table. Failure to understand the customs and manners of other countries will bring difficulty selling their products. Orange juice as a breakfast drink of an American company in France doesn’t sell well because the French don’t usually drink juice with breakfast.57. A knowledge of the local language allows international business people __________.A. to be more open with their customersB. to communicate without outside helpC. to express their thoughts indirectlyD. to have a better idea of their own culture
Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
Which of the following statements are true of collectivist culture? A、Disclosure of private feeling is distasteful.B、People are suspicious of outsiders.C、Uniformity is not highly thought of.D、there is a positive attitude about words of disagreement.
By high degree of () of a culture, it means that few people on the top of a society hold a lot of power which is more or less accepted by others.
Text 4Material culture refers to the touchable, material “things”—physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used—that a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of “things” in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.Music is deep-rooted in the cultural background that fosters it. We now pay more and more attention to traditional or ethnic features in folk music and are willing to preserve the folk music as we do with many traditional cultural heritage. Musicians all over the world are busy with recording classic music in their country for the sake of their unique culture. As always, people’s aspiration will always focus on their individuality rather than universal features that are shared by all cultures alike.One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, and television, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the “information-revolution”, a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.第36题：Which of the following does not belong to material culture?［A］ Instruments.［B］ Music.［C］ Paintings.［D］ Sheet music.
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to protnote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.Within a society, social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.One of the factors that tend to promote social change is__________.A.joint interestB.different points of viewC.less emotional peopleD.advanced technology
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to protnote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.Within a society, social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.?The expression "greater tolerance" (Para. 1) refers to__________.A.greater willingness to accept social changeB.quicker adaptation to changing circumstancesC.more respect for different beliefs and behaviorD.greater readiness to agree to different opinions and ideas
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to protnote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.Within a society, social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.?Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because__________.A.people there have got so accustomed to their conditions that they seldom think it necessary to changeB.people there have identical needs that can be satisfied without much difficultyC.people there are easy to pleaseD.people there are less disputed
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to protnote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.Within a society, social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A.Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society.B.Disagreement with and argument about conditions tend to slow down social change.C.Social change is more likely to occur in the material aspect of society.D.Social change is less likely to occur in what people learned when they were young.
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to protnote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.Within a society, social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.The passage is mainly discussing__________.A.certain factors that determine the ease with which social changes occurB.certain factors that promote social changeC.the necessity of social changeD.two different societies
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways． The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society． There are more ideas,more disagreements in interest,and more groups and organizations with different beliefs． In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies． All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision． In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seetns to be the same． And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed． Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic mad less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites ; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements． Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual． For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference． This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts． According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society．A. Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society．B. Disagreement with and argument about conditions tend to slow down social change．C. Social change is more likely to occur in the material aspect of society．D. Social change is less likely to occur in what people learned when they were young．
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways． The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society． There are more ideas,more disagreements in interest,and more groups and organizations with different beliefs． In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies． All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision． In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seetns to be the same． And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed． Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic mad less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites ; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements． Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual． For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference． This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts． Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because ____A. people there have got so accustomed to their conditions that they seldom think it necessary to changeB. people there have identical needs that can be satisfied without much difficultyC. people there are easy to pleaseD. oeople there are less disputed
根据下列内容，回答206-210题。Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds ofpeople than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is thatthere are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There aremore ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with differentbeliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixedsocieties. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people tosee the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And althoughconditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.Within a society, social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily inthe material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather thanin values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the lessbasic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements ratherthan in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable tothe culture rather than in strange elements.Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily inhuman relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason whychange has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.The passage is mainly discussing__________.A.certain factors that determine the ease with which social changes occurB.certain factors that promote social changeC.the necessity of social changeD.two different societies
共用题干Culture ShockCulture shock is the loss of emotional balance,disorientation（茫然失措）,or confusion that a person feels when moving from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one.When it is a common experience,the degree to which it occurs will vary from one person to another. Individual personality, previous cross-cultural experience,and language proficiency all affect a person's ability to interact socially in the new culture.The basic cause of culture shock is the abrupt loss of all that is familiar, leading to a sense of isolation.When an individual enters a strange culture,all or most of those familiar signs and hints are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or good-willed he may be,a series of properties have been knocked from under him.This may be followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort:"The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad."Another aspect of culture shock is regression（倒退）.The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance,and everything becomes irrationally glorified.All difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered.It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.Common symptoms of culture shock include the following extremes.These are excessive concerns over delays and other minor frustrations;fear of being cheated,robbed or injured; sleeplessness or a desire to sleep more;and a great longing to go home.Underlying all these is the uncomfortable feeling of not really belonging,of being an outsider.Culture shock is basically caused by feeling desperately homesick.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
共用题干Culture ShockCulture shock is the loss of emotional balance,disorientation（茫然失措）,or confusion that a person feels when moving from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one.When it is a common experience,the degree to which it occurs will vary from one person to another. Individual personality, previous cross-cultural experience,and language proficiency all affect a person's ability to interact socially in the new culture.The basic cause of culture shock is the abrupt loss of all that is familiar, leading to a sense of isolation.When an individual enters a strange culture,all or most of those familiar signs and hints are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or good-willed he may be,a series of properties have been knocked from under him.This may be followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort:"The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad."Another aspect of culture shock is regression（倒退）.The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance,and everything becomes irrationally glorified.All difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered.It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.Common symptoms of culture shock include the following extremes.These are excessive concerns over delays and other minor frustrations;fear of being cheated,robbed or injured; sleeplessness or a desire to sleep more;and a great longing to go home.Underlying all these is the uncomfortable feeling of not really belonging,of being an outsider.People with previous cross-culture experience will better adapt themselves in face of a new culture.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
Maoris have adopted many aspects of（）and more and more New Zealanders now share in the rich heritage of（）AAmerican culture/Asian cultureBWestern culture/Asian cultureCAmerican culture/Maori cultureDWestern culture/Maori culture
（）refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.ALinguistic tabooBEuphemismCAddress termDSlang
Maoris have adopted many aspects of（）and more and more New Zealanders now share in the rich heritage of（）A、American culture/Asian cultureB、Western culture/Asian cultureC、American culture/Maori cultureD、Western culture/Maori culture
单选题（）refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.ALinguistic tabooBEuphemismCAddress termDSlang
单选题According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New Guinea?AThey did not want to be shown photographs.BThey were famous for their story-telling skills.CThey knew very little about Western culture.DThey did not encourage the expression of emotions.
单选题Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristic cited in the passage?AMysterious thinking.BEquality in society.CLinguistic tolerance.DFondness of foreign culture.
问答题【参考范例四】Birthday How do people celebrate birthdays in your culture?