Software entities are more complex for their size than perhaps any other human construct,because no two parts are alike（at least above the statement level）.If they are,we make the two similar parts into one,a（1）,open or closed.In this respect software systems differ profoundly from computers,buildings,or automobiles,where repeated elements abound.Digital computers are themselves more complex than most things people build;they have very large numbers of states.This makes conceiving,describing,and testing them hard.Software systems have orders of magnitude more（2）than computers do.Likewise,a scaling-up of a software entity is not merely a repetition of the same elements in larger size;it is necessarily an increase in the number of different elements.In most cases,the elements interact with each other in some（3）fashion,and the complexity of the whole increases much more than linearly.The complexity of software is a（an）（4）property,not an accidental one.Hence descriptions of a software entity that abstract away its complexity often abstract away its essence.Mathematics and the physical sciences made great strides for three centuries by constructing simplified models of complex phenomena,deriving,properties from the models,and verifying those properties experimentally.This worked because the complexities（5）in the models were not the essential properties of the phenomena.It does not work when the complexities are the essence.Many of the classical problems of developing software products derive from this essential complexity and its nonlinear increases with size.Not only technical problems but management problems as well come from the complexity.4、____A.surfaceB.outsideC.exteriorD.essential
Software entities are more complex for their size than perhaps any other human construct,because no two parts are alike（at least above the statement level）.If they are,we make the two similar parts into one,a（1）,open or closed.In this respect software systems differ profoundly from computers,buildings,or automobiles,where repeated elements abound.Digital computers are themselves more complex than most things people build;they have very large numbers of states.This makes conceiving,describing,and testing them hard.Software systems have orders of magnitude more（2）than computers do.Likewise,a scaling-up of a software entity is not merely a repetition of the same elements in larger size;it is necessarily an increase in the number of different elements.In most cases,the elements interact with each other in some（3）fashion,and the complexity of the whole increases much more than linearly.The complexity of software is a（an）（4）property,not an accidental one.Hence descriptions of a software entity that abstract away its complexity often abstract away its essence.Mathematics and the physical sciences made great strides for three centuries by constructing simplified models of complex phenomena,deriving,properties from the models,and verifying those properties experimentally.This worked because the complexities（5）in the models were not the essential properties of the phenomena.It does not work when the complexities are the essence.Many of the classical problems of developing software products derive from this essential complexity and its nonlinear increases with size.Not only technical problems but management problems as well come from the complexity.
4、____
4、____
A.surface
B.outside
C.exterior
D.essential
B.outside
C.exterior
D.essential
参考解析
解析：软件实体规模上或许比其他任何人类创造的结构要更为复杂，因为没有两个部分是一样的（至少在语句级以上）。如果他们一样，我们便将这两个相似的部分合到一起，成为一个子程序，打开或关闭。在这一点上，软件系统与计算机、建筑或汽车经常混合使用一些重复的元件有很大区别。数字计算机本身比人类所建造的大多数事物都要复杂，他们有超级多的状态。这使得对他们进行想象、描述和测试都很困难。软件系统的状态数目更是比计算机的超出几个数量级。同理，软件实体的扩展不单是这一批元件变大一点，它必将是大量不同元件都有增加。在大多数情况下，构件以非线性的方式相互作用，而整体的复杂性远超线性增加。软件的复杂的特点具有必然性，并非偶然。因此，对于软件实体的描述，剥离了它的复杂性往往就等于剥离了它的本质。过去这三个世纪，通过对复杂的现象构建出简化模型，从模型的属性再倒推，并通过实验验证这些属性，数学和物理科学取得了长足的进步。这之所以行之有效，是因为模型中忽略掉的复杂特性并不是现象中重要的本质属性。而当这些复杂性很重要时，这种方法就会失效。
相关考题：
—I think we can use two or more kinds of media together in an advertising campaign. —() A.It’s true. Two is always better than one.B.That’s quite right. We can attract more people.C.It’s great idea. We need to put in more money then.
Animals other than humans have not developed communications comparable to human language. But is it possible that other animals have the capacity to learn a language if they are adequately taught? Obviously, this is a fascination notion. The idea of communicating directly with another species has long been a part of human folklore and children’s fantasies. But on a scientific level, the question of whether animals can learn a language is important primarily because it relates to the controversy()between the cognitive and the learning approaches to language. If language is dependent on and is actually an outgrowth of the intellectual structure of the human mind, there is the strong supposition that only humans are capable of using language. Therefore, Noam Chomsky and other psycholinguists have argued that only humans can learn a language, while most behaviorists feel that with sufficient patience it should be possible to teach an animal some sort of language. Although the two schools of thought clearly differ on this point, it is not really a crucial test of the two theories. If a chimpanzee can master a simple language all it would mean is that the chimp’s intellectual capacity and brain structure are more similar to ours than we thought. It would not necessarily imply that our intellectual structure is unimportant in our own mastery of language. Thus, teaching an animal language is an impressive demonstration of the power of learning techniques, but it is not evidence that language is developed entirely through learning.On the other hand, the question of whether other animals can learn a language is fascination in its own right, aside from its value as a test of the two theories of language development. Accordingly, whatever one’s position on the theoretical dispute, we must consider training an animal to use language a dramatic accomplishment.36.Which of the following statements is the view of psycholinguists?A. The cognitive view of language learning says that only human beings can learn language because it is an outgrowth of the structure of the human mind.B. Other animals simply could master a language.C. The animals intellectual capacity is much better than human beings.D. Language is developed by learning.37.The behaviorists’ view is that __________.A. language is actually an outgrowth of intellectual structure of the animal’s mindB. animals have not developed communications systemC. given enough patience, a man should be able to teach an animal some sort of languageD. only human beings can learn language38.That an animal can master a simple language means that __________.A. human’s intellectual structure is not importantB. animals’ intellectual capacity and brain structure are more similar to the humans’C. the learning techniques are much more importantD. language is developed completely by learning39.The main idea of paragraph two is ___________.A. teaching a chimp language is not crucial test of the two theoriesB. their brain structure is not similar to humanC. using various methods to let the chimp master a languageD. training a nonhuman to use language is an amazing accomplishment40.The best title for this passage would be _________.A. Animals’ languageB. Human’s languageC. Teaching Animals’ LanguageD. Can Other Animals Acquire Language?
One is to take a job in a company and the other to go to a graduate school.You are to make a choice between the two.Write an essay to explain the reasons for your choice.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
One is to work in a state-owned business and the other in a joint venture.You are to make a choice between the two.Write an essay to explain the reasons for your choice.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
Suppose we have the relation schema R( A, B, C, D)with functional dependencies; F{A→B,B→C,C→D,D→A}, then R(A,B,C,D. at least is in(73).A．1NFB．2NFC．3NFD．BCNFThe construct eobegin Statement1; Statement2; coend means Statement1 and Statement2 are to be executed in parallel. The only two atomic actions in this construct are loading the value of a variable and storing into a variable. For the p
Which two conditions, when met, allow an IS－IS Level 2 router to be considered attached?() A. You can reach other Level 2 routers.B. It can reach at least one other defined area.C. The router is reachable by at least two ES-IS nodes.D. It has at least one enabled reachable prefix with a valid metric defined.
Software entities are more complex for their size than perhaps any other human construct, because no two parts are alike (at least above the statement level). If they are, we make the two similar parts into one, a （ ）, open or closed.In this respect software systems differ profoundly from computers, buildings, or automobiles, where repeated elements abound. Digital computers are themselves more complex than most things people build; they have very large numbers of states.This makes conceiving, describing, and testing them hard.Software systems have orders of magnitude more（ ）than computers do. Likewise, a scaling-up of a software entity is not merely a repetition of the same elements in larger size; it is necessarily an increase in the number of different elements.In most cases, the elements interact with each other in some（ ）fashion, and the complexity of the whole increases much more than linearly. The complexity of software is a(an) （ ）property, not an accidental one.Hence descriptions of a software entity that abstract away its complexity often abstract away its essence.Mathematics and the physical sciences made great strides for three centuries by constructing simplified models of complex phenomena, deriving, properties from the models,and verifying those properties experimentally.This worked because the complexities（ ）in the models were not the essential properties of the phenomena.It does not work when the complexities are the essence. Many of the classical problems of developing software products derive from this essential complexity and its nonlinear increases with size.Not only technical problems but management problems as well come from the complexity.A.task B.job C.subroutine D.programA.states B.parts C.conditions D.expressionsA.linear B.nonlinear C.parallel D.additiveA.surface B.outside C.exterior D.essentialA.fixed B.included C.ignored D.stabilized
A vessel is described as a two compartment vessel when it ______.A.has no more than two compartmentsB.has two compartments in addition to the engine roomC.will sink if any two compartments are floodedD.will float if any two adjacent compartments are flooded
An institution that properly carries the name university is a more comprehensive and complex institution than any other kind of higher education____.A.settlementB.establishmentC.constructionD.structure
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to protnote social change by opening more areas of life to decision.In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.Within a society, social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities,because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.The passage is mainly discussing__________.A.certain factors that determine the ease with which social changes occurB.certain factors that promote social changeC.the necessity of social changeD.two different societies
Many experts believe that in the new world of artificial intelligence（AI）human beings will still be needed to do the jobs that require higher-order critical,creative,and innovative thinking and the jobs that require high emotional engagement to meet the needs of other human beings.The 1 for many of us is that we do not excel at those skills because of our natural cognitive and emotional tendencies:We are confirmation-seeking thinkers and ego-affirmation-seeking defensive reasoners.We will need to overcome those tendencies 2 take our thinking,listening,relating,and collaborating skills to a much higher level.This process of 3 begins with changing our definition of what it means to"be smart."4,many of us have achieved success 5 being"smarter"than other people as 6 by grades and test scores,beginning in our early days in school.AI will change that because there is no 7 any human being can outsmart,8,IBM's Watson,at least without augmentation,Smart machines can process,9,and recall information faster and better than we humans.10.AI can pattern-match faster and produce a wider array of alternatives than we can.AI can even learn faster.In an age of smart machines,our old definition of what makes a person smart doesn't 11.What is needed is a new definition of being smart,one that 12 higher levels of human thinking and emotional engagement.The new smart will be determined not by what or how you know 13 by the quality of your thinking,listening,relating,collaborating,and learning.Quantity is 14 by quality.We will spend more time training to be open-minded and learning to update our beliefs in 15 to new data.We will practice 16 after our mistakes,and we will invest more in the skills traditionally 17 with emotional intelligence.The new smart will be about trying to overcome the two big 18 0f critical thinking and team collaboration:our ego and our fears.Doing so will make it easier to perceive reality as it is,rather than as we 19 it to be.In short,we will embrace humility.That is 20 we humans will add value in a world of smart technology.1选？A.controversyB.challengeC.opportunityD.compromise
Many experts believe that in the new world of artificial intelligence（AI）human beings will still be needed to do the jobs that require higher-order critical,creative,and innovative thinking and the jobs that require high emotional engagement to meet the needs of other human beings.The 1 for many of us is that we do not excel at those skills because of our natural cognitive and emotional tendencies:We are confirmation-seeking thinkers and ego-affirmation-seeking defensive reasoners.We will need to overcome those tendencies 2 take our thinking,listening,relating,and collaborating skills to a much higher level.This process of 3 begins with changing our definition of what it means to"be smart."4,many of us have achieved success 5 being"smarter"than other people as 6 by grades and test scores,beginning in our early days in school.AI will change that because there is no 7 any human being can outsmart,8,IBM's Watson,at least without augmentation,Smart machines can process,9,and recall information faster and better than we humans.10.AI can pattern-match faster and produce a wider array of alternatives than we can.AI can even learn faster.In an age of smart machines,our old definition of what makes a person smart doesn't 11.What is needed is a new definition of being smart,one that 12 higher levels of human thinking and emotional engagement.The new smart will be determined not by what or how you know 13 by the quality of your thinking,listening,relating,collaborating,and learning.Quantity is 14 by quality.We will spend more time training to be open-minded and learning to update our beliefs in 15 to new data.We will practice 16 after our mistakes,and we will invest more in the skills traditionally 17 with emotional intelligence.The new smart will be about trying to overcome the two big 18 0f critical thinking and team collaboration:our ego and our fears.Doing so will make it easier to perceive reality as it is,rather than as we 19 it to be.In short,we will embrace humility.That is 20 we humans will add value in a world of smart technology.11选？A.follow suitB.fall apartC.stand outD.make sense
What is your favourite colour? Do you like yellow , orange ,red? If you do ,you must be an optimist, a leader, an active person who enjoys life, people and excitement. Do you prefer greys and blues? Then you are probably quiet,shy, and you would rather follow than lead. You tend to be a pessimist. At least, this is what psychologists tell us, and they should know,because they have been seriously studying the meaning of colours preference, as well as the effect that colours have on human beings. They tells us, among other facts,that we do not choose our favourite clour as we grow up----we are born with our preference.If you happen to love brown, you did so, as soon as you opened your eyes, or at least as soon as you could see clearly.Colours do influence our moods----there is no doubt about it .A yellow room makes most people feel more cheerful and more relaxed than a dark green one; and a red dress brings warmth and cheer to the saddest winter day. On the other hand ,black is depressing. A black bridge over the Thames River, near London, used to be the scene of more suicides than any other bridge in the area ----until it was repainter green.The number of suicide attempts immediately fell sharply ;perhaps it would have fallen even more if the bridge had been done in pink or baby blue.Light and bright colours make people not only hppier but more active. It is an established fact that factory workers work better,harder ,and have fewer accidents when their machines are painted orange rather than black or grey."You would rather follow than red" means_______.a.you don't like to follow othersb.you would be a member rather than a leaderc.you would be afraid of following othersd.you would like to be a leader rather than a follower
What is your favourite colour? Do you like yellow , orange ,red? If you do ,you must be an optimist, a leader, an active person who enjoys life, people and excitement. Do you prefer greys and blues? Then you are probably quiet,shy, and you would rather follow than lead. You tend to be a pessimist. At least, this is what psychologists tell us, and they should know,because they have been seriously studying the meaning of colours preference, as well as the effect that colours have on human beings. They tells us, among other facts,that we do not choose our favourite clour as we grow up----we are born with our preference.If you happen to love brown, you did so, as soon as you opened your eyes, or at least as soon as you could see clearly.Colours do influence our moods----there is no doubt about it .A yellow room makes most people feel more cheerful and more relaxed than a dark green one; and a red dress brings warmth and cheer to the saddest winter day. On the other hand ,black is depressing. A black bridge over the Thames River, near London, used to be the scene of more suicides than any other bridge in the area ----until it was repainter green.The number of suicide attempts immediately fell sharply ;perhaps it would have fallen even more if the bridge had been done in pink or baby blue.Light and bright colours make people not only hppier but more active. It is an established fact that factory workers work better,harder ,and have fewer accidents when their machines are painted orange rather than black or grey."They tell us, among other facts,that we don't choose our favourite colours as we grow up." "Among other facts" means______.a.besides other factsb.in regard to other factsc.not considering other factsd.according to other facts
Software entities are more complex fortheir size than perhaps any other human construct, because no two parts arealike (at least above the statement level). If they are, we make the twosimilar parts into one, a（71 ）, open or closed. In this respect software systems differprofoundly from computers,buildings, or automobiles, where repeated elementsabound.Digital computers are themselves morecomplex than most things people build; they have very large numbers of states.This makes conceiving, describing, and testing them hard. Software systems haveorders of magnitude more （72 ）than computers do.Likewise, a scaling-up of a software entityis not merely a repetition of the same elements in larger size; it is necessarily an increase inthe number of different elements. In most cases, the elements interact witheach other in some（ 73 ）fashion,andthe complexity of the whole increases much more than linearly.The complexity of software is a(an)（74 ）property, notan accidental one. Hence descriptions of a software entity that abstract awayits complexity often abstract away its essence.Mathematics and the physicalsciences made great strides for three centuries by constructing simplifiedmodels of complex phenomena, deriving properties from the models, and verifyingthose properties experimentally. This worked because the complexities（75 ）in the modelswere not the essential properties of the phenomena. It does not work when thecomplexities are the essence.Many of the classical problems ofdeveloping software products derive from this essential complexity and its nonlinear increases withsize. Not only technical problems but management problems as well come from the complexity.A.statesB.partsC.conditionsD.expressions
The main reason we tend to focus on the（ ）rather than the human side of work is not because it’s more（请作答此空），but because it’s easier to do.Getting the new disk drive installed is positively trivial compared to figurine out why Horace is in a blue funk（恐惧）or why Susan is dissatisfied with the company aver only a few months.Human interactions are complicated and never very crisp（干脆的，干净利落的）and clean in their effects，but they matter more than any other aspect of the work.If you find yourself concentrating on the（ ）rather than the（ ）.you’re like the vaudeville character（杂耍人物）who loses his Keys on a dark street and looks for them on the adjacent street because，as he explains，“The light is better there!”A.trivialB.crucialC.minorD.insignificant
Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “（）”.Avocal thoughtBsubvocal thoughtCcovert thoughtDovert thought
Which two conditions, when met, allow an IS-IS Level 2 router to be considered attached?（）A、You can reach other Level 2 routers.B、It can reach at least one other defined area.C、The router is reachable by at least two ES-IS nodes.D、It has at least one enabled reachable prefix with a valid metric defined.
单选题In his study on the failures of the American educational system, Professor Harris states that over two million high school seniors in this country are functionally illiterate, and at least as much as four million others cannot read at an eighth-grade level.Aat least as much as four million others cannotBat least as many as four million and more cannotCmore than four million of other students are unable toDthere was at least four million other students unable toEmore than four million others cannot
单选题Which statement is TRUE in an overtaking situation（）.AOne vessel is approaching another vessel from more than 20° abaft the beamBIt is the duty of the vessel being overtaken to get out of the wayCAny later change of bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vesselDAll of the above
单选题A vessel is described as a two compartment vessel when it（）.Ahas no more than two compartmentsBhas two compartments in addition to the engine roomCwill sink if any two compartments are floodedDwill float if any two adjacent compartments are flooded
单选题Even most imaginative people have to admit that _____.Ahuman societies are as advanced as those on some other planetsBplanets other than Earth are not suitable for life like ours to stayCit is difficult to distinguish between organic parts and inorganic parts of the human bodyDorganisms are more creative than machines
单选题The max effluent of the oil content from a ship of 400 tons gross tonnage and above other than an oil tanker is（）.Aless than 100 parts per millionBmore than 100 parts per millionCat least 100 parts per millionD100 parts per million
多选题Which two conditions, when met, allow an IS-IS Level 2 router to be considered attached?（）AYou can reach other Level 2 routers.BIt can reach at least one other defined area.CThe router is reachable by at least two ES-IS nodes.DIt has at least one enabled reachable prefix with a valid metric defined.
单选题Even most imaginative people have to admit that______.Ahuman societies are as advanced as those on some other planetsBplanets other than Earth are not suitable for life like ours to stayCit is difficult to distinguish between organic parts and inorganic parts of the human bodyDorganisms are more creative than machines
单选题Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “（）”.Avocal thoughtBsubvocal thoughtCcovert thoughtDovert thought
单选题The two girls look so much alike that we can hardly _____ one from the other.AseparateBcontrastCdistinguishDcompare