John is reading an interesting book on evolution theory which was written by Charles Darwin，who was a British naturalist who developed a theory of evolution based on natural selection.What design feature of language is reflected in the example？( ) A.Creativity B.Arbitrariness C.Displacement D.Duality
John is reading an interesting book on evolution theory which was written by Charles Darwin，who was a British naturalist who developed a theory of evolution based on natural selection.What design feature of language is reflected in the example？( )
A.Creativity
B.Arbitrariness
C.Displacement
D.Duality
B.Arbitrariness
C.Displacement
D.Duality
参考解析
解析：考查语言的识别性特征。语言使用者能够以有限的语言规则为基础说出和理解无限的句子，属于语言的“创造性”特征。
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Part BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.41._________[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems NeededJudith S. Weis, a biology professor who serves as president of the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) is leading a nationwide effort to "defend" the theory of evolution. Weis leads the effort in the face of what the institute views as opposition and indifference from school boards and government entities.The Institute believes that the teaching of evolution in America is being diminished by the teaching of creationism as well as by an overall lack of teaching Darwin's theory in high school. "There's nothing that requires schools to teach evolution. Sometimes teachers in high schools just leave it out. However from the point of view of biologists, evolution is the central theory of biology upon which everything is based," said Weis. "Unfortunately, teaching evolution has become a political issue in many parts of the country and AIBS, as a representative of biologists, wanted to be a major force speaking out in favor of its teaching. "Weis said the institute is working together with the American Geological Institute and the National Association of Biology Teachers and its 80-plus member organizations to address" the political and legislative threats to teaching evolution. In states challenging its teaching, the institute responds by sending letters to school boards and state legislatures, by providing testimony at public meetings and by notifying members and affiliated organizations. AIBS, with more than 80 member societies and 250,000 members, has established an email system enabling scientists and teachers in each state, and member societies, to keep each other informed about threats to the teaching of evolution.Darwin's theory of evolution holds that living things change and adapt to their environment and that present-day species ( including human beings) are descended from earlier species through modification by natural selection. The theory has been accepted by scientists for nearly 100 years, Weis said, and has been refined, extended and strengthened over the years by findings in paleontology and developmental biology. Discoveries in genetics, molecular biology and genomics—all of which provide significant benefits for human health—would not be possible without the underlying knowledge of evolution. And, Weis adds, "modem molecular biology and genomics have increased our understanding of how evolution works." Nonetheless, evolution remains a politically, if not scientifically, controversial issue.Weis said that this year alone, seven states have had either local or statewide efforts to water down the teaching of evolution, or "balance" it with the teaching of creationism—a religious belief that different species were created separately by a higher power, such as God. "Rarely does anyone now use the word ' creationism, ' because that's too obvious," Weis said. "The current terminology is ' intelligent design. ' "According to the first paragraph, which of the following statements about the theory or evolution is true?A．Government entities support AIBS's effort to defend the theory of evolution.B．School boards oppose AIBS's effort to defend the theory of evolution.C．AIBS and school boards advocate the teaching of the theory of evolution.D．The theory of evolution and that of creationism co-exist peacefully in schools.
Which one of the following is NOT the reason for an overall lack of teaching Darwin's theory?A．Teaching of creationism diminishes teaching of evolution.B．Teachers are not required to teach Darwin's theory.C．teachers often leave out the teaching of evolution.D．Darwin's theory is denied as the central theory of biology.
According to Weis in the 5th paragraph, the theory of evolution ______.A．is fundamental to the development of modem genetics, molecular biology and geonomicsB．is a political issueC．is based on genetics, molecular biology and geonomicsD．has increased our understanding of human health
Why do people replace the term creationism with the term intelligent design nowadays?A．Because "intelligent design" represents the modified theory of evolution.B．Because they believe God created different species.C．Because the term creationism is unscientific.D．Because the term creationism is too direct.
3． He is __________ in reading this __________book．A． interested ，interesting B． interesting ，interestedC． interesting，interestingD． interested，interested
根据下列文章，回答41～45题。Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41～45), choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. ______（41）______ .American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.______（42）______ .In the early 1900s in North America, Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology._____（43）______.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. ______（44）______.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.______（45）______.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.A．Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.B．In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.C．He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.D．They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.E．Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.F．Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.G．For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred se请选择(41)处最佳答案（ ）。{Page}
His ideas are linked to the theory________markets are efficient, which means market actors taking all available information to create the correct price for things at any given time. A which ;B who ;C that
Which collocation is not right?() A.Acculturation Theory & ShuamannB.Accommodation Theory & Del HymesC.Interlanguage Theory & SelinkerD.Universal Grammar & Chomsky
__________[A] German-born British scholar Max Müller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India-the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language-reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology. M ller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena.[B] The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called, was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.[C] Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths—like dreams—condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.[D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture (1871), Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.[E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottolob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths (instead of fibula, meaning “fable”) to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.[F] German scholar Karl Otfried M ller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, 1825).
The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds ___________ his arguments in favor of the new theory.A.on which to baseB.which to base onC.to base onD.to be based on
Is the theory of evolution in direct ____ with religious teachings ,or does it leave room for debate?A. comparison B. distinction C. disturbance D. contradiction
The Declaration of Independence came from the theory of British philosopher ( ) A.Paul Revere B.John Locke C.Comwallis D.Frederick Douglass
The economic policy Britain pursued in the 1950s and 1960s was based on the theory of（）A、Adam SmithB、John Maynard KeynesC、Margaret ThatcherD、Karl Marx
单选题Who influenced the Founding Fathers by his theory of division of powers?AJohn LockeBMontesquieuCBenjamin FranklinDGeorge Washington
问答题Since Darwin, biologists have been firmly convinced that nature works without plan or meaning, pursuing no aim by the direct road of design. But today we see that this conviction is a fatal error. Why should evolution, exactly as Darwin knew it and described it, be planless and irrational? Do not aircraft design engineers work, at precisely that point where specific calculations and plans give out, according to the same principle of evolution, when they test the serviceability of a great number of statistically determined forms in the wind tunnel, in order to choose the one that functions best? Can we say that there is no process of natural selection when nuclear physicists, through thousands of computer operations, try to find out which materials, in which combinations and with what structural form, are best suited to the building of an atomic reactor? They also practise no designed adaptation, but work by the principle of selection. But it would never occur to anyone to call their method planless and irrational.
问答题Passage 1 Some people were just born to rebel; Charles Darwin was 1 of them. Likewise Nicholas Copernicus, Benjamin Franklin and Bill Gates. They were 2 “laterborns” —that is, they had at least one older sibling — brother or sister — when they were born. In fact, laterborns are up to 15 times more 3 than firstborns to resist authority and 4 new ground, says Frank J. Sulloway, a researcher scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In his book “Born To Rebel” being released this week, Sulloway claims that 5 someone is an older or younger sibling is the most important 6 shaping personality—more significant 7 gender, race, nationality or class. He 8 26 years studying the lives—and birth orders—of 6,566 historical figures to 9 his conclusions. A laterborn himself, Sulloway first posed how birth order 10 personality as a scholar of Darwin at Harvard University. “ 11 could a somewhat commonplace student at Cambridge become the most revolutionary thinker in the 19th century?” he said. Darwin, the first to 12 the belief 13 God created the world with his theory of evolution, was the fifth of six 14 . Most of his opponents were firstborns. Sulloway’s theory held 15 with Copernicus, the first astronomer to propose that the Sun was the center of the universe, and computer revolutionary Gates of Microsoft.
单选题Generally regarded as the most influential social science treatise of the 20th century, John Maynard Keynes wrote a book, The General Theol of Employment Interest and Money that forever changed the way scientists looked at the economy.AJohn Maynard Keynes wrote a book, The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money thatBa book by John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money, thatCJohn Maynard Keynes’ book The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money had alreadyDJohn Maynard Keynes wrote a book The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money havingEJohn Maynard Keynes’ book The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money
单选题The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.Aon which to baseBwhich to base onCto base onDto be based on
问答题Practice 4 Charles Darwin didn’t want to murder God, as he once put it. But he did. He didn’t want to defy his fellow Cantabrigians, his gentlemanly Victorian society, his devout wife. But he did. He waited 20 years to publish his theory of natural selection, but—fittingly, after another scientist threatened to be first—he did. Before Darwin, most people accepted some version of biblical creation. Humans were seen as the apotheosis of godly architecture. Humans could thus be an accident of natural selection, not a direct product of God. Worries about how much his theory would shake society exacerbated the strange illnesses he suffered. It’s also worth noting that Darwin’s life wasn’t Darwinian: he achieved his wealth through inheritance, not competition, and some might say his sickly children suffered because they were inbred. Darwin’s theories still provoke opposition. One hundred and forty years after The Origin of Species, backers of creationism have made a comeback in states like Kansas, pushing evolution out of the schoolroom. Yet Darwinism remains one of the most successful scientific theories ever promulgated. There is hardly an element of humanity—not capitalism, not gender relations, certainly not biology—that can be fully understood without its help.
单选题There are several ways you can find out about the countries and places you wish to visit. You can talk to friends who have travelled to the places. Or you can go and see a colour film. Or you can read travel books. It would seem that there are three kinds of travel books. The first are those that give a personal, subjective (主观的) account of travels which the author has actually made himself, if they are informative and have a good index (索引), then they can be useful to you when you are planning your travels. The second kind are those books whose purpose is to give a purely objective (客观的)description of things to be done and seen. If a well-read, cultured person has written such a book, then it is even more useful. It can be sorted as a selected guide book. The third kind are those books which are called "a guide" to some place or other. If they are good, they will, in addition to their factual information, give an analysis or an explanation. Like the first kind they can be inspiring and interesting. But their basic purpose is to help the reader who wishes to plan in the most practical way. Whatever kind of travel book you choose you must make sure that it does not describe everything as "wonderful", "excellent" or "magical". You must also note its date of publication because travel is a very practical affair and many things change quickly in the twenty-first century. Finally, you should make sure that the contents are well presented and easy to find.The following travel books may be of use when you plan your travels except （）.Athe book written by some people who have had the same travel experience themselvesBthe book which tells you what is worth doing and seeing based on the factsCthe book in which a lot of big adjectives are used to draw your attentionDthe book which offers you a lot of useful information like a tour guide
单选题Information theory is related to the quantification of information. This was developed by Claude E. Shannon to who found fundamental limits on ( ) operations such as compressing data and on reliably storing and communicating data.AsignalBdataCinformationDsignal processing
问答题The devastating failure of the experiment surprised the scientists, who were expecting a successive outcome to A B Cconfirm their theory. No error D E