单选题How did the researchers do the experiment?ABy inviting the volunteers to have a long class.BBy asking the volunteers to pay attention to a clock.CBy monitoring brain activity while volunteers are watching a picture.
单选题
How did the researchers do the experiment?
A
By inviting the volunteers to have a long class.
B
By asking the volunteers to pay attention to a clock.
C
By monitoring brain activity while volunteers are watching a picture.
参考解析
解析：
细节理解题。根据文章第三段可知：研究人员通过观察12个志愿在看一幅画时的大脑活动来做研究。故选C项。
细节理解题。根据文章第三段可知：研究人员通过观察12个志愿在看一幅画时的大脑活动来做研究。故选C项。
相关考题：
When the Olympics finished, all the volunteers were invited to take part in a parade through the streets of Canberra.()
Could you tell me ()? A、how long you live hereB、how long have you lived hereC、how long you have lived hereD、how long did you live here
共用题干Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at BayStaying positive through the cold season could be your best defense.against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less trou- bled by a scratchy throat or runny nose."People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr.Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.The researchers test their volunteers by giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold.A:RightB:Wrong C:Not mentioned
共用题干The Weight ExperimentNicola Walters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a“ calorimeter”（热量测量室）is one way to find out.1 .The signs above the two rooms read simply“Chamber One”and“Chamber Two”.These are the calorimeters:4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science .Outside these rooms another sign reads“Please do not enter work in progress” and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers every move the volunteers make.Each day,meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer.2 .Nicola Walters is one of twenty volunteers who,over the past eight months,have spent varying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim,Nicola does not have a weight problem,but thought the strict diet might help with her training and fitness programme.As a self-employed community dance rorker,she was able to fit the experiment in around her work.She saw an advert for volun- teers at her local gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise,she thought she would help out.3. The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room.This sequence was repeated four times over six weeks.She arrived at the calorimeter at8:30 am on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefull) measured .Her every move was noted too,her daily exercise routine,timed to the last second. At regular intervals,after eating,she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and samples were taken for analysis.4 .The scientists help volunteers impose a kind of order on the long days they face in the room. “The first time,I only took one video and a book,but it was OK because I watched TV the rest of the time,”says Nicola. And twice a day she used the exercise bike. She pedaled（踩踏板） for half an hour,watched by researchers to make sure she didn't go too fast.5 .It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more,while others satisfy you quickly.Volunteers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full.Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat,the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further sessions. Paragraph 2________A:.What does the calorimeter look like inside?B: What program was designed for the experiment?C: What is a calorimeter?D: What is the first impression?E: How do the volunteers kill the time?F: Why did Nicola join in the experiments?
共用题干The Weight ExperimentNicola Walters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a“ calorimeter”（热量测量室）is one way to find out.1 .The signs above the two rooms read simply“Chamber One”and“Chamber Two”.These are the calorimeters:4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science .Outside these rooms another sign reads“Please do not enter work in progress” and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers every move the volunteers make.Each day,meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer.2 .Nicola Walters is one of twenty volunteers who,over the past eight months,have spent varying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim,Nicola does not have a weight problem,but thought the strict diet might help with her training and fitness programme.As a self-employed community dance rorker,she was able to fit the experiment in around her work.She saw an advert for volun- teers at her local gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise,she thought she would help out.3. The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room.This sequence was repeated four times over six weeks.She arrived at the calorimeter at8:30 am on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefull) measured .Her every move was noted too,her daily exercise routine,timed to the last second. At regular intervals,after eating,she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and samples were taken for analysis.4 .The scientists help volunteers impose a kind of order on the long days they face in the room. “The first time,I only took one video and a book,but it was OK because I watched TV the rest of the time,”says Nicola. And twice a day she used the exercise bike. She pedaled（踩踏板） for half an hour,watched by researchers to make sure she didn't go too fast.5 .It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more,while others satisfy you quickly.Volunteers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full.Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat,the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further sessions.The machinery outside the calorimeters records everything________.A: the volunteers doB:.because she does not have a weight problemC: because the life there can be very boringD: make people overeatE: because she was her own bossF:after passing a high-protein test
共用题干The Weight ExperimentNicola Walters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a“ calorimeter”（热量测量室）is one way to find out.1 .The signs above the two rooms read simply“Chamber One”and“Chamber Two”.These are the calorimeters:4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science .Outside these rooms another sign reads“Please do not enter work in progress” and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers every move the volunteers make.Each day,meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer.2 .Nicola Walters is one of twenty volunteers who,over the past eight months,have spent varying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim,Nicola does not have a weight problem,but thought the strict diet might help with her training and fitness programme.As a self-employed community dance rorker,she was able to fit the experiment in around her work.She saw an advert for volun- teers at her local gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise,she thought she would help out.3. The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room.This sequence was repeated four times over six weeks.She arrived at the calorimeter at8:30 am on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefull) measured .Her every move was noted too,her daily exercise routine,timed to the last second. At regular intervals,after eating,she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and samples were taken for analysis.4 .The scientists help volunteers impose a kind of order on the long days they face in the room. “The first time,I only took one video and a book,but it was OK because I watched TV the rest of the time,”says Nicola. And twice a day she used the exercise bike. She pedaled（踩踏板） for half an hour,watched by researchers to make sure she didn't go too fast.5 .It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more,while others satisfy you quickly.Volunteers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full.Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat,the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further sessions. Volunteers have to get prepared for the time in the calorimeter_________.A: the volunteers doB:.because she does not have a weight problemC: because the life there can be very boringD: make people overeatE: because she was her own bossF: after passing a high-protein test
根据下面资料，回答题 I′ve often wondered how exactly sleep, or lack of it, can have such an awful effect on our bodies and, guess what, how much we sleep switches good genes on and bad genes off. In the first half of 2013, the Sleep Research Centre at the University of Surrey found a direct link between hours spent sleeping and genes. Every cell in our bodies carries genetic instructions in our DNA that act as a kind of operating handbook. However, each cell only "reads" the part of this handbook it needs at any given moment. Can sleep affect how a gene reads instructions It′s a question asked by Professor Derk-Jan Dijk at the University of Surrey. He set up an experiment and asked his volunteers to spend a week sleeping around seven and a half hours to eight hours a night and the next sleeping six and a half to seven hours. Blood samples were taken each week to compare which genes in blood cells were being used during the long and short nights. The results were rather surprising. Several hundred genes changed in the amount they were being used, including some that are linked to heart disease, cancer, and Type 2 diabetes. Genes to do with cell repair and replacement were used much less. Sleep restriction (six and a half to seven hours a night) changed 380 genes. Of these,220 genes were down regulated (their power was reduced), while 160 were up regulated (their power was increased). Those affected included body-clock genes which are linked to diabetes. One of the most downgraded genes is that which has a role in controlling insulin and is linked to diabetes and insomnia. The most upgraded gene is linked to heart disease. So changing sleep by tiny amounts can upgrade or downgrade genes that can influence our health and the diseases we suffer from when we sleep too little. The important message is that getting close to eight hours of sleep a night can make a dramatic difference to our health in just a few days through the way it looks after our genes. What can we learn about Professor Derk-Jan Dijk′ s experiment 查看材料A.The experiment was carried out to find the answer to how genes affect sleep.B.The experiment took a period of more than two weeks to reach a conclusion.C.His volunteers were divided into two groups with two different sleeping patterns.D.Blood samples of the volunteers were checked afterwards to decide how many genes changed in sleeping.
We are __________seeking volunteers to participate in an upcoming consumer research study for Mayfee Marketing.A.significantlyB.slightlyC.completelyD.currently
共用题干The Weight ExperimentNicola Walters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a“calorimeter”（热量测量室）is one way to find out.1. The signs above the two rooms read simply“Chamber One”and“Chamber Two”.These are the calorimeters:4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science .Outside these rooms another sign reads“Please do not enter work in progress” and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers every move the volunteers make.Each day,meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer.2. Nicola Walters is one of twenty volunteers who,over the past eight months,have spent varying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim,Nicola does not have a weight problem,but thought the strict diet might help with her training and fitness programme.As a self-employed community dance worker,she was able to fit the experiment in around her work .She saw an advert for volun- teers at her local gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise,she thought she would help out.3. The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room.This sequence was repeated four times over six weeks.She arrived at the calorimeter at8:30 am on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefully measured.Her every move was noted too,her daily exercise routine,timed to the last second.At regular intervals,after eating,she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and samples were taken for analysis.4. The scientists help volunteers impose a kind of order on the long days they face in the room. “The first time,I only took one video and a book,but it was OK because I watched TV the rest of the time,”says Nicola. And twice a day she used the exercise bike. She pedaled（踩踏板） for half an hour,watched by researchers to make sure she didn't go too fast. 5. It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more,while others satisfy you quickly.Volun- teers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full.Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat,the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further ses- slons。 Volunteers have to get prepared for the time in the calorimeter______.A: the volunteers doB: because she does not have a weight problemC: because the life there can be very boringD: make people overeatE: because she was her own bossF: after passing a high-protein test
共用题干The Weight ExperimentNicola Walters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a“calorimeter”（热量测量室）is one way to find out.1. The signs above the two rooms read simply“Chamber One”and“Chamber Two”.These are the calorimeters:4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science .Outside these rooms another sign reads“Please do not enter work in progress” and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers every move the volunteers make.Each day,meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer.2. Nicola Walters is one of twenty volunteers who,over the past eight months,have spent varying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim,Nicola does not have a weight problem,but thought the strict diet might help with her training and fitness programme.As a self-employed community dance worker,she was able to fit the experiment in around her work .She saw an advert for volun- teers at her local gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise,she thought she would help out.3. The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room.This sequence was repeated four times over six weeks.She arrived at the calorimeter at8:30 am on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefully measured.Her every move was noted too,her daily exercise routine,timed to the last second.At regular intervals,after eating,she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and samples were taken for analysis.4. The scientists help volunteers impose a kind of order on the long days they face in the room. “The first time,I only took one video and a book,but it was OK because I watched TV the rest of the time,”says Nicola. And twice a day she used the exercise bike. She pedaled（踩踏板） for half an hour,watched by researchers to make sure she didn't go too fast. 5. It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more,while others satisfy you quickly.Volun- teers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full.Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat,the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further ses- slons。 Paragraph 1______A: What does the calorimeter look like inside?B: What program was designed for the experiment?C: What is a calorimeter?D: What is the first impression?E: How do the volunteers kill the time?F: Why did Nicola join in the experiments?
共用题干The Weight ExperimentNicola Walters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a“calorimeter”（热量测量室）is one way to find out.1. The signs above the two rooms read simply“Chamber One”and“Chamber Two”.These are the calorimeters:4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science .Outside these rooms another sign reads“Please do not enter work in progress” and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers every move the volunteers make.Each day,meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer.2. Nicola Walters is one of twenty volunteers who,over the past eight months,have spent varying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim,Nicola does not have a weight problem,but thought the strict diet might help with her training and fitness programme.As a self-employed community dance worker,she was able to fit the experiment in around her work .She saw an advert for volun- teers at her local gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise,she thought she would help out.3. The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room.This sequence was repeated four times over six weeks.She arrived at the calorimeter at8:30 am on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefully measured.Her every move was noted too,her daily exercise routine,timed to the last second.At regular intervals,after eating,she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and samples were taken for analysis.4. The scientists help volunteers impose a kind of order on the long days they face in the room. “The first time,I only took one video and a book,but it was OK because I watched TV the rest of the time,”says Nicola. And twice a day she used the exercise bike. She pedaled（踩踏板） for half an hour,watched by researchers to make sure she didn't go too fast. 5. It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more,while others satisfy you quickly.Volun- teers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full.Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat,the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further ses- slons。 Nicola Walters had time for the experiments______.A: the volunteers doB: because she does not have a weight problemC: because the life there can be very boringD: make people overeatE: because she was her own bossF: after passing a high-protein test
共用题干第二篇Download Knowledge Directly to Your BrainFor the first time,researchers have been able to hack into the process of learning in the biain,using induced brain patterns to create a learned behavior. It's not quite as advanced as an instant Kung-fu down- load,and it's not as sleek as cognitive inception,but it's still an important finding that could lead to new teaching and rehabilitation techniques.Future therapies could decode the brain activity patterns of an athlete or a musician,and use them as a benchmark for teaching another person a new activity,according to the researchers.Scientists from Boston University and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories in Kyoto used functional magnetic resonance imaging,or fMRI,to study the learning process.They were examining the adult brain's aptitude for visual perceptual learning,or VPL,in which repetitive training improves a per- son's performance on a particular task.Whether adults can do this as well as young people has been an on- going debate in neuroscience.Led by BU neuroscientist Takeo Watanabe,researchers used a method called decoded fMRI neurofeed- back to stimulate the visual cortex.First they showed participants circles at different orientations.Then they used fMRI to watch the participants'brain activity.The researchers were then able to train the participants to recreate this visual cortex activity.The volunteers were again placed in MRI machines and asked to visualize shapes of certain colors.The participants were asked to"somehow regulate activity in the posterior part of the brain"to make a solid green disc as large as they could.They were told they would get a paid bonus proportional to the size of this disc, but they weren't told anything about what the disc meant.The researchers watched the participants'brain activity and monitored the activation patterns in their visual cortices."Participants can be trained to control the overall mean activation of an entire brain region,"the study authors write,"or the adtivation in one region relative to that in another region."This worked even when test subjects were not aware of what they were learning,the researchers said."The most surprising thing in this study is that mere inductions of neural activation patterns corresponding to a specific visual feature led to visual performance improvement on the visual feature,without presenting the fea- ture or subjects' awareness of what was to be learned,"Watanabe said in a statement.Watanabe and colleagues said this method can be a powerful tool."It can'incept' a person to acquire new learning, skills,or memory,or possibly to restore skills or knowledge that has been damaged through accident,disease,or aging,without a person's awareness of what is learned or memorized,"they write.Which of the following statements is true of the experiment participants?A:They learned how to control MRL machines in the experiment.B:They were not told what to be learned in the experiment.C:They were paid to take part in the experiment.D:They were not cooperative in the experiment.
共用题干第二篇Download Knowledge Directly to Your BrainFor the first time,researchers have been able to hack into the process of learning in the biain,using induced brain patterns to create a learned behavior. It's not quite as advanced as an instant Kung-fu down- load,and it's not as sleek as cognitive inception,but it's still an important finding that could lead to new teaching and rehabilitation techniques.Future therapies could decode the brain activity patterns of an athlete or a musician,and use them as a benchmark for teaching another person a new activity,according to the researchers.Scientists from Boston University and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories in Kyoto used functional magnetic resonance imaging,or fMRI,to study the learning process.They were examining the adult brain's aptitude for visual perceptual learning,or VPL,in which repetitive training improves a per- son's performance on a particular task.Whether adults can do this as well as young people has been an on- going debate in neuroscience.Led by BU neuroscientist Takeo Watanabe,researchers used a method called decoded fMRI neurofeed- back to stimulate the visual cortex.First they showed participants circles at different orientations.Then they used fMRI to watch the participants'brain activity.The researchers were then able to train the participants to recreate this visual cortex activity.The volunteers were again placed in MRI machines and asked to visualize shapes of certain colors.The participants were asked to"somehow regulate activity in the posterior part of the brain"to make a solid green disc as large as they could.They were told they would get a paid bonus proportional to the size of this disc, but they weren't told anything about what the disc meant.The researchers watched the participants'brain activity and monitored the activation patterns in their visual cortices."Participants can be trained to control the overall mean activation of an entire brain region,"the study authors write,"or the adtivation in one region relative to that in another region."This worked even when test subjects were not aware of what they were learning,the researchers said."The most surprising thing in this study is that mere inductions of neural activation patterns corresponding to a specific visual feature led to visual performance improvement on the visual feature,without presenting the fea- ture or subjects' awareness of what was to be learned,"Watanabe said in a statement.Watanabe and colleagues said this method can be a powerful tool."It can'incept' a person to acquire new learning, skills,or memory,or possibly to restore skills or knowledge that has been damaged through accident,disease,or aging,without a person's awareness of what is learned or memorized,"they write.What have researchers been able to do with the help of the study?A:Discover a person's learning process in the brain.B:Make a person know how to do something without learning.C:Set up different learning patterns for different people.D:Enable people to learn Kung fu instantly.
Text 1"The love of money",St Paul memorably wrote to his protege Timothy,"is the root of all evil.""All"may be putting it a bit strongly,but dozens of psychological studies have indeed shown that people primed to think about money before an experiment are more likely to lie,cheat and steal during the course of that experiment.Another well-known aphorism,ascribed to Benjamin Franklin,is"time is money".If true,that suggests a syllogism:that the love of time is a root of evil,too.But a paperjust published in Psychological Science by Francesca Gino of Harvard and Cassie Mogilner of the University of Pennsylvania suggests precisely the opposite.Dr Gino and Dr Mogilner asked a group of volunteers to do a scries of what appeared to be aptitude tests.As is ofien the case in such experiments,though,what the voiunteers were told.and what the truth was,were rather different things.In the first test they were asked to make,within three minutes,as many coherent sentences as they could out of a set ofwords they had been presented with.What they were not told was that each of them had been assigned to one of three groups.Some volunteers'word sets were seeded with ones associated with money,such as"dollars","financing"and"spend".Some were seeded with words associated with time（eg,"clock",/'hours","moment"）.And some were seeded with neither.Thus unknowingly primed,the volunteers were ready for the second test.This was mathematical.They were given a sheet of paper with 20 matrices which each contained 12 numbers.two of which added up to ten（for example,3.81 and 6.19）.They had to write down,on a separate answer sheet,how many of these pairs they could manage to find in five minutes.They were also given a packet ofmoney and told they could reward themselves with a dollar for each pair they discovered.This led Dr Gino and Dr Mogilner to suspect that self-reflection played a part in controlling uncthical behaviour during the test.They therefore conducted a third test in which,for half the volunteers,there was a mirror in the cubicle they were sitting in when doing the experiment.Volunteers primed to think about money cheated 39%of the time when a mirror was present but 67%when it was not.Those primed to think about time cheated 32%of the time in the presence of the mirror and 36%in its absence-results that are statistically indistinguishable.Finally,a fourth experiment asked primed volunteers to fill in a questionnaire before tackling the matrix.In among"filler"questions intended to disguise what was happening this asked them to rate how they felt about self-reflective statements like,"Right now,1 am thinking about who I am as a person."As in the previous tests,those primed with money words cheated more ofien than those primed with neutral words and far more ofien than those primed with time words.But whether someone cheated was also related to how strongly he felt about the self-reflective statements presented to him in the questionnaire.It seems,then,that thinking about time has the opposite effect on people from thinking about money.It makes them more honest than normal,rather than less so.Moreover,the more reflective they are,the more honest they become.There must be an aphorism in that.It can be concluded from the text that——.A.people primed with neutral words cheated more than those primed with money wordsB.self-refiection plays a significant role in people's decision makingC.volunteers cheated was also related with whether a mirror in the cubicle they were sittingD.people primed with time words cheated most among the subjects
Text 1"The love of money",St Paul memorably wrote to his protege Timothy,"is the root of all evil.""All"may be putting it a bit strongly,but dozens of psychological studies have indeed shown that people primed to think about money before an experiment are more likely to lie,cheat and steal during the course of that experiment.Another well-known aphorism,ascribed to Benjamin Franklin,is"time is money".If true,that suggests a syllogism:that the love of time is a root of evil,too.But a paperjust published in Psychological Science by Francesca Gino of Harvard and Cassie Mogilner of the University of Pennsylvania suggests precisely the opposite.Dr Gino and Dr Mogilner asked a group of volunteers to do a scries of what appeared to be aptitude tests.As is ofien the case in such experiments,though,what the voiunteers were told.and what the truth was,were rather different things.In the first test they were asked to make,within three minutes,as many coherent sentences as they could out of a set ofwords they had been presented with.What they were not told was that each of them had been assigned to one of three groups.Some volunteers'word sets were seeded with ones associated with money,such as"dollars","financing"and"spend".Some were seeded with words associated with time（eg,"clock",/'hours","moment"）.And some were seeded with neither.Thus unknowingly primed,the volunteers were ready for the second test.This was mathematical.They were given a sheet of paper with 20 matrices which each contained 12 numbers.two of which added up to ten（for example,3.81 and 6.19）.They had to write down,on a separate answer sheet,how many of these pairs they could manage to find in five minutes.They were also given a packet ofmoney and told they could reward themselves with a dollar for each pair they discovered.This led Dr Gino and Dr Mogilner to suspect that self-reflection played a part in controlling uncthical behaviour during the test.They therefore conducted a third test in which,for half the volunteers,there was a mirror in the cubicle they were sitting in when doing the experiment.Volunteers primed to think about money cheated 39%of the time when a mirror was present but 67%when it was not.Those primed to think about time cheated 32%of the time in the presence of the mirror and 36%in its absence-results that are statistically indistinguishable.Finally,a fourth experiment asked primed volunteers to fill in a questionnaire before tackling the matrix.In among"filler"questions intended to disguise what was happening this asked them to rate how they felt about self-reflective statements like,"Right now,1 am thinking about who I am as a person."As in the previous tests,those primed with money words cheated more ofien than those primed with neutral words and far more ofien than those primed with time words.But whether someone cheated was also related to how strongly he felt about the self-reflective statements presented to him in the questionnaire.It seems,then,that thinking about time has the opposite effect on people from thinking about money.It makes them more honest than normal,rather than less so.Moreover,the more reflective they are,the more honest they become.There must be an aphorism in that.What can we infer from the tests?A.The subjects have been told their assignmentB.Volunteers who had been primed with money ideas were more likely to cheat others.C.12%volunteers had been primed with time-related words.D.33%subjects had been primed with money-related words.
Text 1"The love of money",St Paul memorably wrote to his protege Timothy,"is the root of all evil.""All"may be putting it a bit strongly,but dozens of psychological studies have indeed shown that people primed to think about money before an experiment are more likely to lie,cheat and steal during the course of that experiment.Another well-known aphorism,ascribed to Benjamin Franklin,is"time is money".If true,that suggests a syllogism:that the love of time is a root of evil,too.But a paperjust published in Psychological Science by Francesca Gino of Harvard and Cassie Mogilner of the University of Pennsylvania suggests precisely the opposite.Dr Gino and Dr Mogilner asked a group of volunteers to do a scries of what appeared to be aptitude tests.As is ofien the case in such experiments,though,what the voiunteers were told.and what the truth was,were rather different things.In the first test they were asked to make,within three minutes,as many coherent sentences as they could out of a set ofwords they had been presented with.What they were not told was that each of them had been assigned to one of three groups.Some volunteers'word sets were seeded with ones associated with money,such as"dollars","financing"and"spend".Some were seeded with words associated with time（eg,"clock",/'hours","moment"）.And some were seeded with neither.Thus unknowingly primed,the volunteers were ready for the second test.This was mathematical.They were given a sheet of paper with 20 matrices which each contained 12 numbers.two of which added up to ten（for example,3.81 and 6.19）.They had to write down,on a separate answer sheet,how many of these pairs they could manage to find in five minutes.They were also given a packet ofmoney and told they could reward themselves with a dollar for each pair they discovered.This led Dr Gino and Dr Mogilner to suspect that self-reflection played a part in controlling uncthical behaviour during the test.They therefore conducted a third test in which,for half the volunteers,there was a mirror in the cubicle they were sitting in when doing the experiment.Volunteers primed to think about money cheated 39%of the time when a mirror was present but 67%when it was not.Those primed to think about time cheated 32%of the time in the presence of the mirror and 36%in its absence-results that are statistically indistinguishable.Finally,a fourth experiment asked primed volunteers to fill in a questionnaire before tackling the matrix.In among"filler"questions intended to disguise what was happening this asked them to rate how they felt about self-reflective statements like,"Right now,1 am thinking about who I am as a person."As in the previous tests,those primed with money words cheated more ofien than those primed with neutral words and far more ofien than those primed with time words.But whether someone cheated was also related to how strongly he felt about the self-reflective statements presented to him in the questionnaire.It seems,then,that thinking about time has the opposite effect on people from thinking about money.It makes them more honest than normal,rather than less so.Moreover,the more reflective they are,the more honest they become.There must be an aphorism in that.The author's attitude towards the conclusion of the experiment is——.A.disapprovalB.suspiciousC.supportiveD.certain
共用题干Kicking the HabitWhat is a bad habit?The most common definition is that it is something that we do regularly,almost without thinking about it,and which has some sort of negative consequence.This consequence could affect those around us,or it could affect us personally.Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad habits are part of what makes us human.Many early habits,like sucking our thumb,are broken when we are very young.We are either told to stop doing it by our parents,or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit,and we gradually grow out of it.It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem.Unless we can break that habit early on,it becomes a part of our life,and becomes"programmed"into our brain.A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change our habits,it is the old ways that tend to win,especially in situations where we are rushed,stressed or overworked.Habits that we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back.During the study programme,the researchers showed a group of volunteers several pictures,and gave them words to associate with them.They then showed the volunteers the same pictures again,and gave them new words to associate with them.A few days later,the volunteers were given a test.The researchers showed them the pictures,and told them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one.It came as no surprise that their an- swers were split between the first set of words and the second.Two weeks later,they were given the same testagain.This time,most of them only gave the first set of. words.They appeared to have completely forgotten the second set.The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.We may try to change our ways,hut after a while,the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we learned.The more that response is used,the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond in any other way.The study therefore suggests that over time,our had habits also become automatic,learned behavior. This is not good news for people who picked up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break them.Even when we try to put new,good intentions into practice,those previously learned habits remain stronger in more automatic,unconscious forms of memory.The volunteers found the test more difficult when they did it the second time.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
共用题干第二篇High Stress May Damage MemoryAccording to a report issued in May 1998,elderly people who have consistently high blood levels of cortisol (皮质醇）don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more,high levels of cortisol are also associated with shrinking of the hippocampus（海马区）,a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory.The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal,"healthy"range can actually accelerate brain aging.The study results"now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal(肾上腺的）stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans", write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield.Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands（腺）,which sit on top of the kidneys(肾）.Over a 5-to 6-year period,Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers,most of whom were in their 70s.The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group.The groups did not differ in tests of immediate memory,but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group, although there were no differences in other brain regions.The results suggest that“…brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenalhormones that are not generally regarded as pathological（病态的）and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging",write Porter and Landfield."This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of the hippocampus." The research conducted by Porter and Landfield shows thatA:the levels of adrenal hormones have nothing to do with brain aging.B:changes in the levels of adrenal hormones can affect brain aging.C:chronic stress may strengthen one's memory.D:the rate of brain aging always remains stable.
共用题干The Weight Experiment1. Nicola Waiters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a" calorimeter"（热量测量室）is one way to find out. The signs above the two rooms read simply"Chamber One"and"Chamber Two",these are the calorimeters:4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science .Outside these rooms another sign reads.,"Please do not enter-work in progress" and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers（记录）every move the volunteers make. Each day,meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer.2. Nicola Waiters is one of the twenty volunteers who,over the past eight months,have spent va-rying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim,Nicola does not have a weight problem,but thought the strict diet might help her with training and fitness program. A self-employed communi-ty dance worker , she was able to fit the experiment in around her work. She saw an advert（广告） for volunteers at her gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise,she thought she would help out.3. The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room.This sequence（次序）was repeated four times over six weeks.She arrived at the cabo-rimeter at 8:30 a. m. on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefully measured.Her every move was noted too,her daily exercise routine timed to the last second. At regular intervals,after eating,she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and sam-pies were taken for analysis.4. The scientists helped volunteers impose（确立）a kind of order on the long days they faced in the room."The first time,I only took one video and a book .But it was OK,because I watched TV the rest of the time, "says Nicola.And twice a day she used the exercise bike.She pedaled(踩踏 板）for half an hour,watched by researchers to make sure she didn't go too fast.5. It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more,while others satisfy you quickly.Volunteers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full. Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat,the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further sesslons. Volunteers have to get prepared for the time in the calorimeter______.A: the volunteers doB: because she does not have a weight problemC: because the life there can be very boringD: make people overeatE: because she was her own bossF: after passing a high-protein test
共用题干The Weight Experiment1. Nicola Waiters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a" calorimeter"（热量测量室）is one way to find out. The signs above the two rooms read simply"Chamber One"and"Chamber Two",these are the calorimeters:4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science .Outside these rooms another sign reads.,"Please do not enter-work in progress" and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers（记录）every move the volunteers make. Each day,meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer.2. Nicola Waiters is one of the twenty volunteers who,over the past eight months,have spent va-rying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim,Nicola does not have a weight problem,but thought the strict diet might help her with training and fitness program. A self-employed communi-ty dance worker , she was able to fit the experiment in around her work. She saw an advert（广告） for volunteers at her gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise,she thought she would help out.3. The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room.This sequence（次序）was repeated four times over six weeks.She arrived at the cabo-rimeter at 8:30 a. m. on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefully measured.Her every move was noted too,her daily exercise routine timed to the last second. At regular intervals,after eating,she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and sam-pies were taken for analysis.4. The scientists helped volunteers impose（确立）a kind of order on the long days they faced in the room."The first time,I only took one video and a book .But it was OK,because I watched TV the rest of the time, "says Nicola.And twice a day she used the exercise bike.She pedaled(踩踏 板）for half an hour,watched by researchers to make sure she didn't go too fast.5. It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more,while others satisfy you quickly.Volunteers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full. Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat,the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further sesslons. Paragraph 3______A:What does the calorimeter look like inside?B: What program was designed for the experiments?C: What is a calorimeter?D: What was the first impression?E: How did the volunteers kill the time?F: Why did Nicola join in the experiments?
共用题干The Weight Experiment1. Nicola Waiters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a" calorimeter"（热量测量室）is one way to find out. The signs above the two rooms read simply"Chamber One"and"Chamber Two",these are the calorimeters:4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science .Outside these rooms another sign reads.,"Please do not enter-work in progress" and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers（记录）every move the volunteers make. Each day,meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer.2. Nicola Waiters is one of the twenty volunteers who,over the past eight months,have spent va-rying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim,Nicola does not have a weight problem,but thought the strict diet might help her with training and fitness program. A self-employed communi-ty dance worker , she was able to fit the experiment in around her work. She saw an advert（广告） for volunteers at her gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise,she thought she would help out.3. The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room.This sequence（次序）was repeated four times over six weeks.She arrived at the cabo-rimeter at 8:30 a. m. on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefully measured.Her every move was noted too,her daily exercise routine timed to the last second. At regular intervals,after eating,she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and sam-pies were taken for analysis.4. The scientists helped volunteers impose（确立）a kind of order on the long days they faced in the room."The first time,I only took one video and a book .But it was OK,because I watched TV the rest of the time, "says Nicola.And twice a day she used the exercise bike.She pedaled(踩踏 板）for half an hour,watched by researchers to make sure she didn't go too fast.5. It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more,while others satisfy you quickly.Volunteers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full. Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat,the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further sesslons. The machinery outside the calorimeters records everything______.A: the volunteers doB: because she does not have a weight problemC: because the life there can be very boringD: make people overeatE: because she was her own bossF: after passing a high-protein test
The volunteers started looking after other children（）parents died of AIDS last yearAwhoseBthatCwhichDwho
中国青年志愿者英文名是（）。A、Chinese Young Volunteers organizationB、chinese youth volunteers AssociasionC、Chinese Young Volunteers AssociasionD、chinese youth volunteers Party
填空题According to the passage, the USA Freedom Corps was an organization with lots of young volunteers.____
单选题Overseas visitors to Beijing are impressed by the cordial greeting of these volunteers about the city.AauthenticBexplicitCwarmDtransparent
单选题How did the researchers do the experiment?ABy inviting the volunteers to have a long class.BBy asking the volunteers to pay attention to a clock.CBy monitoring brain activity while volunteers are watching a picture.