The development,hundreds of years ago,of ship and cargo insurance was revolutionary.It marked the start of commercial insurance;protection against loss from fire and the perils of the high seas fostered global trade.But in the 21st century the value of companies consists less of solid objects,such as boats and buildings,than of intangible elements,such as intellectual property,data and reputation."Today the most valuable assets are more likely to be stored in the cloud than in a warehouse,"says Inga Beale,chief executive of Lloyd's of London.As the importance of intangibles has grown,so has companies'need to protect themselves against"intangible risks"of two types:damage to intangible assets（eg,reputational harm caused by a tweet or computer hack）;or posed by them（say,physical damage or theft resulting from a cyberattack）.Companies are not oblivious.Respondents to a survey last year by Aon,an insurance broker,ranked reputation as their top risk and cyber-risk as their fifth.But there is a big difference between how risk managers perceive such risks and how boards do.And if firms do seek insurance against some of these risks,insurers have not exactly been giving them too many novel products.Even when policies are labelled"innovative"it's usually to insure physical assets in the sharing economy rather than intangibles.But in a world where Airbnb,in effect the world's largest hotel chain,owns no hotels and Uber,its largest taxi firm,owns no cabs,such policies are of limited use.Those that do protect assets such as data,IP and reputation are often expensive and custom-made,and include strict exclusions and lrmits.Insurers'caution is understandable.Intangible risks are not only new and comple）c"They're a bit like not-yet-set jelly,"says Julia Graham of Airmic."Their shape constantly changes."Underwriters like to look at past data on events'frequency as well as clients'current exposure-which may be next to impossible when assessing the risk and impact of a cyberattack,or a scandal,which would have been very differently priced even a couple of years ago.But some underwriters are starting to come up with more suitable policies.One is parametric cover,which pays a fixed amount automatically after a defined event,such as a hack.The advantage of such policies is that they can provide cash quickly,meeting an immediate need after misfortune strikes.The downside is that these products tend to cover only a share of damages.Companies also have to do more to protect themselves.Just as insurance was only part of the answer to fire and maritime risk,it is only part of the answer to modern perils.Plenty of cyber-breaches could doubtless have been avoided if software had simply been kept up to date.Insurers need to catch up with the intangible age;but so do their clients.In the last two paragraphs,the author suggests thatA.parametric cover performs quite well in assessing the costs of misfortune.B.companies need to buy several types of insurance to protect themselves.C.companies and insurers should work together to protect against intangible risks.D.insurers should keep updating their software to protect the privacy of their clients.
The development,hundreds of years ago,of ship and cargo insurance was revolutionary.It marked the start of commercial insurance;protection against loss from fire and the perils of the high seas fostered global trade.But in the 21st century the value of companies consists less of solid objects,such as boats and buildings,than of intangible elements,such as intellectual property,data and reputation."Today the most valuable assets are more likely to be stored in the cloud than in a warehouse,"says Inga Beale,chief executive of Lloyd's of London.As the importance of intangibles has grown,so has companies'need to protect themselves against"intangible risks"of two types:damage to intangible assets（eg,reputational harm caused by a tweet or computer hack）;or posed by them（say,physical damage or theft resulting from a cyberattack）.Companies are not oblivious.Respondents to a survey last year by Aon,an insurance broker,ranked reputation as their top risk and cyber-risk as their fifth.But there is a big difference between how risk managers perceive such risks and how boards do.And if firms do seek insurance against some of these risks,insurers have not exactly been giving them too many novel products.Even when policies are labelled"innovative"it's usually to insure physical assets in the sharing economy rather than intangibles.But in a world where Airbnb,in effect the world's largest hotel chain,owns no hotels and Uber,its largest taxi firm,owns no cabs,such policies are of limited use.Those that do protect assets such as data,IP and reputation are often expensive and custom-made,and include strict exclusions and lrmits.Insurers'caution is understandable.Intangible risks are not only new and comple）c"They're a bit like not-yet-set jelly,"says Julia Graham of Airmic."Their shape constantly changes."Underwriters like to look at past data on events'frequency as well as clients'current exposure-which may be next to impossible when assessing the risk and impact of a cyberattack,or a scandal,which would have been very differently priced even a couple of years ago.But some underwriters are starting to come up with more suitable policies.One is parametric cover,which pays a fixed amount automatically after a defined event,such as a hack.The advantage of such policies is that they can provide cash quickly,meeting an immediate need after misfortune strikes.The downside is that these products tend to cover only a share of damages.Companies also have to do more to protect themselves.Just as insurance was only part of the answer to fire and maritime risk,it is only part of the answer to modern perils.Plenty of cyber-breaches could doubtless have been avoided if software had simply been kept up to date.Insurers need to catch up with the intangible age;but so do their clients.
In the last two paragraphs,the author suggests that
In the last two paragraphs,the author suggests that
A.parametric cover performs quite well in assessing the costs of misfortune.
B.companies need to buy several types of insurance to protect themselves.
C.companies and insurers should work together to protect against intangible risks.
D.insurers should keep updating their software to protect the privacy of their clients.
B.companies need to buy several types of insurance to protect themselves.
C.companies and insurers should work together to protect against intangible risks.
D.insurers should keep updating their software to protect the privacy of their clients.
参考解析
解析：第六段指出：企业也须努力保护自己，保险只是现代风险的“部分答案”；保险商需跟上无形时代步伐，它们的客户（即企业）也应如此。可见作者认为企业和保险公司应共同防范无形风险,C.正确。[解题技巧]A.将第五段首句suitable policies断章取义为“参数化保险擅长评估不幸事件的成本”，但由下文可知，参数化保险采用的是“赔偿固定数额”，而不能“有效评估成本”，它只是一种“相对更合适的保险”。B.将第六段首句companies also have to do more to protect themselves（公司需更加努力保护自己免于无形风险）错误理解为“公司应购买多个险种”。D.将末段③句所述“企业做法——更新软件”张冠李戴为“保险公司做法”，并捏造出“保护客户隐私”这一无关信息。
相关考题：
Any illegal acts of violence，detention or any act of depredation，committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship and directed：(a)．On the high seas，against another ship or against persons or property on board such ship; or (b)．Against a ship，persons or property in a place outside of the jurisdiction of any state defines which of the following？A.MutinyB.PiracyC.BarratryD.Remuneration
If the carrier is responsible for the damage or loss of the cargo，______ will have to pay to the insurance company．A.the cargo holderB.the ShipownerC.the ship's crewD.the P and I Club
Which of the following marine insurance policies is normally purchased by the cargo owner？ ______.A.HullB.CargoC.Protection and IndemnityD.Pollution
The Insurance Company shall be liable for ______.A.loss or damage caused by unseaworthiness of the insured shipB.demurrage of the insured ship and other indirect expensesC.reasonable expenses for ascertaining the loss or damage within the scope of CoverD.A，B，C are all wrong
The carrier shall not be liable for the loss of or damage to the goods occurred during the period of carrier's responsibility arising or resulting from any of the following causes except ______．A.Fire，unless caused by the actual fault of the carrierB.Force majeure and perils，dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable watersC.War or armed conflictD.Intentional misconducts by the crew members on board the ship against the carrier
______ cover loss of or damage to the subject-matter insured caused by perils of the seas rivers lakes or other navigable waters．A.INSTITUTE TIME CLAUSES-HullsB.INSTITUTE MARINE CARGO CLAUSESC.P&I Clubs Terms and ConditionsD.York-Antwerp Rules 1974
材料：The benefit to commerce of allowing stevedores and terminal operators to completely limit their liability is often put forward by supporters on their part．Such reasoning，however，ignores the fact that in the commercial world it is preferable for persons who cause damage to cargo to be held responsible for that damage．Otherwise they will continue to be negligent and will do nothing to alter their practices．Transferring the loss to the underwriters of cargo from the underwriters of the stevedores does not merely shift the cost of insurance．If the stevedores and terminal operators who have the care and charge of cargo do not act carefully when carrying out their duties，then responsibility for loss and damage to cargo will not only be shifted but that loss and damage will be increased as well．Nor are all cargoes or risks fully or even partially insured.Therefore，the premium of cargo insurance is so high that it has been estimated that not much more than fifty percent of shipments by sea on the North Atlantic are actually insured at all． It is a fundamental principle of GOOD business practice and of efficient，fair and low-cost insurance that persons who are responsible for losses should be held accountable，in some way，for those losses．问题：According to the passage，limiting the liability on the part of the stevedores will ________．A.transfer the loss suffered by underwriters of cargo to the underwriters of stevedoresB.transfer the loss suffered by underwriters of stevedores to the underwriters of cargoC.not transfer any liability in practice of shippingD.increase the liability on their partThe author of this passage is a supporter on the side that ________．A.the liability on the part of the stevedores and terminal operators should be completely limitedB.transferring the loss to the underwriters of cargo from the underwriters of the stevedores is impossible in shipping practiceC.transferring the insurance cost to the underwriters of cargo from the underwriters of the stevedores is necessary in the eyes of shipping lawsD.persons who are responsible for losses should be held accountable，in some way，for those lossesIf the persons who are responsible for losses and damages are not held accountable，in some way，for those losses and damages，that losses and damages will ________．A.be increasedB.be decreasedC.be preventedD.not happenedIn the author's opinion，the insured cargo accounting to fifty percent of total shipments by sea on the North Atlantic is ________．A.reasonably practicableB.normalC.too muchD.too little请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
The development,hundreds of years ago,of ship and cargo insurance was revolutionary.It marked the start of commercial insurance;protection against loss from fire and the perils of the high seas fostered global trade.But in the 21st century the value of companies consists less of solid objects,such as boats and buildings,than of intangible elements,such as intellectual property,data and reputation."Today the most valuable assets are more likely to be stored in the cloud than in a warehouse,"says Inga Beale,chief executive of Lloyd's of London.As the importance of intangibles has grown,so has companies'need to protect themselves against"intangible risks"of two types:damage to intangible assets（eg,reputational harm caused by a tweet or computer hack）;or posed by them（say,physical damage or theft resulting from a cyberattack）.Companies are not oblivious.Respondents to a survey last year by Aon,an insurance broker,ranked reputation as their top risk and cyber-risk as their fifth.But there is a big difference between how risk managers perceive such risks and how boards do.And if firms do seek insurance against some of these risks,insurers have not exactly been giving them too many novel products.Even when policies are labelled"innovative"it's usually to insure physical assets in the sharing economy rather than intangibles.But in a world where Airbnb,in effect the world's largest hotel chain,owns no hotels and Uber,its largest taxi firm,owns no cabs,such policies are of limited use.Those that do protect assets such as data,IP and reputation are often expensive and custom-made,and include strict exclusions and lrmits.Insurers'caution is understandable.Intangible risks are not only new and comple）c"They're a bit like not-yet-set jelly,"says Julia Graham of Airmic."Their shape constantly changes."Underwriters like to look at past data on events'frequency as well as clients'current exposure-which may be next to impossible when assessing the risk and impact of a cyberattack,or a scandal,which would have been very differently priced even a couple of years ago.But some underwriters are starting to come up with more suitable policies.One is parametric cover,which pays a fixed amount automatically after a defined event,such as a hack.The advantage of such policies is that they can provide cash quickly,meeting an immediate need after misfortune strikes.The downside is that these products tend to cover only a share of damages.Companies also have to do more to protect themselves.Just as insurance was only part of the answer to fire and maritime risk,it is only part of the answer to modern perils.Plenty of cyber-breaches could doubtless have been avoided if software had simply been kept up to date.Insurers need to catch up with the intangible age;but so do their clients.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.The Business of Insuring Intangible Risks Is Still in Its InfancyB.Product Innovation Extends the Reach of Commercial InsurancesC.Insurance:A Cure-all for Intangible DamagesD.Intangible Assets:Major Risks,Major Rewards
The development,hundreds of years ago,of ship and cargo insurance was revolutionary.It marked the start of commercial insurance;protection against loss from fire and the perils of the high seas fostered global trade.But in the 21st century the value of companies consists less of solid objects,such as boats and buildings,than of intangible elements,such as intellectual property,data and reputation."Today the most valuable assets are more likely to be stored in the cloud than in a warehouse,"says Inga Beale,chief executive of Lloyd's of London.As the importance of intangibles has grown,so has companies'need to protect themselves against"intangible risks"of two types:damage to intangible assets（eg,reputational harm caused by a tweet or computer hack）;or posed by them（say,physical damage or theft resulting from a cyberattack）.Companies are not oblivious.Respondents to a survey last year by Aon,an insurance broker,ranked reputation as their top risk and cyber-risk as their fifth.But there is a big difference between how risk managers perceive such risks and how boards do.And if firms do seek insurance against some of these risks,insurers have not exactly been giving them too many novel products.Even when policies are labelled"innovative"it's usually to insure physical assets in the sharing economy rather than intangibles.But in a world where Airbnb,in effect the world's largest hotel chain,owns no hotels and Uber,its largest taxi firm,owns no cabs,such policies are of limited use.Those that do protect assets such as data,IP and reputation are often expensive and custom-made,and include strict exclusions and lrmits.Insurers'caution is understandable.Intangible risks are not only new and comple）c"They're a bit like not-yet-set jelly,"says Julia Graham of Airmic."Their shape constantly changes."Underwriters like to look at past data on events'frequency as well as clients'current exposure-which may be next to impossible when assessing the risk and impact of a cyberattack,or a scandal,which would have been very differently priced even a couple of years ago.But some underwriters are starting to come up with more suitable policies.One is parametric cover,which pays a fixed amount automatically after a defined event,such as a hack.The advantage of such policies is that they can provide cash quickly,meeting an immediate need after misfortune strikes.The downside is that these products tend to cover only a share of damages.Companies also have to do more to protect themselves.Just as insurance was only part of the answer to fire and maritime risk,it is only part of the answer to modern perils.Plenty of cyber-breaches could doubtless have been avoided if software had simply been kept up to date.Insurers need to catch up with the intangible age;but so do their clients.Insurers'caution is in a large part due toA.the lack of funds to develop innovative products.B.the swings in demand for intangible insurance.C.the difficulty in pricing intangible risks.D.the high frequency of cyberattack events.
The development,hundreds of years ago,of ship and cargo insurance was revolutionary.It marked the start of commercial insurance;protection against loss from fire and the perils of the high seas fostered global trade.But in the 21st century the value of companies consists less of solid objects,such as boats and buildings,than of intangible elements,such as intellectual property,data and reputation."Today the most valuable assets are more likely to be stored in the cloud than in a warehouse,"says Inga Beale,chief executive of Lloyd's of London.As the importance of intangibles has grown,so has companies'need to protect themselves against"intangible risks"of two types:damage to intangible assets（eg,reputational harm caused by a tweet or computer hack）;or posed by them（say,physical damage or theft resulting from a cyberattack）.Companies are not oblivious.Respondents to a survey last year by Aon,an insurance broker,ranked reputation as their top risk and cyber-risk as their fifth.But there is a big difference between how risk managers perceive such risks and how boards do.And if firms do seek insurance against some of these risks,insurers have not exactly been giving them too many novel products.Even when policies are labelled"innovative"it's usually to insure physical assets in the sharing economy rather than intangibles.But in a world where Airbnb,in effect the world's largest hotel chain,owns no hotels and Uber,its largest taxi firm,owns no cabs,such policies are of limited use.Those that do protect assets such as data,IP and reputation are often expensive and custom-made,and include strict exclusions and lrmits.Insurers'caution is understandable.Intangible risks are not only new and comple）c"They're a bit like not-yet-set jelly,"says Julia Graham of Airmic."Their shape constantly changes."Underwriters like to look at past data on events'frequency as well as clients'current exposure-which may be next to impossible when assessing the risk and impact of a cyberattack,or a scandal,which would have been very differently priced even a couple of years ago.But some underwriters are starting to come up with more suitable policies.One is parametric cover,which pays a fixed amount automatically after a defined event,such as a hack.The advantage of such policies is that they can provide cash quickly,meeting an immediate need after misfortune strikes.The downside is that these products tend to cover only a share of damages.Companies also have to do more to protect themselves.Just as insurance was only part of the answer to fire and maritime risk,it is only part of the answer to modern perils.Plenty of cyber-breaches could doubtless have been avoided if software had simply been kept up to date.Insurers need to catch up with the intangible age;but so do their clients.Which of the following can be learned from Paragraph 3?A.Most risk managers are rather ignorant of intangible risks.B.Corporate boards tend to rank reputation as their top risk.C.Insurers are offering a variety of novel products to firms.D.Insurance against intangible risks has lagged behinci their rise.
Insurance (保险) may be considered a game of risk in which individuals and businesses protect themselves, their families, and their property from possible losses resulting from unpredictable events such as storms, fires, accidents and illnesses. The first rule of the game, devised centuries age, is "share the risk". To play by this rule, many people take a small loss in place of one person′ s taking a large one. It is a simple idea: an individual pays a small amount of money called a premium (保险费) to an agent who acts on behalf of an insurance company, or underwriter, which holds the individual′s premium and the premiums paid by thousands of others. The individual receives an insurance policy, a promise that if there is a loss to the individual as defined in the policy the insurance company will pay for it. The funds will come from the individual′s premium, the premium paid by others who did not have losses, and money from the company′ s investment of all the premiums. An individual who does not have a loss loses the premium money but purchases what insurance underwriters call "peace of mind". It is a gamble for the customer and the underwriter, but it is built on the first rule of risk that losses are small when shared by many. According to the passage, insurance company will protect individuals from the losses EXCEPTA.propertyB.firesC.accidentsD.getting old
Insurance (保险) may be considered a game of risk in which individuals and businesses protect themselves, their families, and their property from possible losses resulting from unpredictable events such as storms, fires, accidents and illnesses. The first rule of the game, devised centuries age, is "share the risk". To play by this rule, many people take a small loss in place of one person′ s taking a large one. It is a simple idea: an individual pays a small amount of money called a premium (保险费) to an agent who acts on behalf of an insurance company, or underwriter, which holds the individual′s premium and the premiums paid by thousands of others. The individual receives an insurance policy, a promise that if there is a loss to the individual as defined in the policy the insurance company will pay for it. The funds will come from the individual′s premium, the premium paid by others who did not have losses, and money from the company′ s investment of all the premiums. An individual who does not have a loss loses the premium money but purchases what insurance underwriters call "peace of mind". It is a gamble for the customer and the underwriter, but it is built on the first rule of risk that losses are small when shared by many. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A.The first rule of the game in insurance business was devised hundreds of years ago.B.There are many agents who sell insurance policies and collect premiums on behalf of underwriters.C.An individual who pays premium for a policy is insured by an insurance company.D.An individual pays premium directly to an insurance company.
Insurance (保险) may be considered a game of risk in which individuals and businesses protect themselves, their families, and their property from possible losses resulting from unpredictable events such as storms, fires, accidents and illnesses. The first rule of the game, devised centuries age, is "share the risk". To play by this rule, many people take a small loss in place of one person′ s taking a large one. It is a simple idea: an individual pays a small amount of money called a premium (保险费) to an agent who acts on behalf of an insurance company, or underwriter, which holds the individual′s premium and the premiums paid by thousands of others. The individual receives an insurance policy, a promise that if there is a loss to the individual as defined in the policy the insurance company will pay for it. The funds will come from the individual′s premium, the premium paid by others who did not have losses, and money from the company′ s investment of all the premiums. An individual who does not have a loss loses the premium money but purchases what insurance underwriters call "peace of mind". It is a gamble for the customer and the underwriter, but it is built on the first rule of risk that losses are small when shared by many. The money the insurance used to pay for an individual′ s loss comes from ___________.A.the premium paid by the person previouslyB.the insurance company's investmentC.the premiums paid by other personsD.all of the above
资料：（一）Insurance is the sharing of risks, Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort. The house owner, for example, knows that his property can be damaged by fire, the ship owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea；the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer. On the other hand, not every house is damaged by fire nor every vessel lost at sea. If these persons each put a small sum of money into a pool, there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss, In other words, the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the money. This is the basis of insurance, Those who pay the contribution are known as “insured”and those who administer the pool of contributions as ”insurers”.Not all risks can be covered by insurance. Broadly speaking, the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered. The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated, and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated.The legal basis of all insurance is the “policy”. This is a printed form of contract. It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a certain sum of money, called the “premium”, which is usually paid every year, the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss, if the risk actually happens. The wording of policies, particularly in marine insurance, often seems very old-fashioned, but there is a sound reason of this. Over a large number of years, many law cases have been brought to clear up the meanings of doubtful phrases in policies. The law courts have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning, and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in polices even when they have passed out of normal use in speech.The phrase “the pool of contributions”in the first paragraph means______.A.the money paid by the insurersB.the cost of administering insuranceC.the money paid by the insuredD.the amount of each premium
资料：（一）Insurance is the sharing of risks, Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort. The house owner, for example, knows that his property can be damaged by fire, the ship owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea；the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer. On the other hand, not every house is damaged by fire nor every vessel lost at sea. If these persons each put a small sum of money into a pool, there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss, In other words, the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the money. This is the basis of insurance, Those who pay the contribution are known as “insured”and those who administer the pool of contributions as ”insurers”.Not all risks can be covered by insurance. Broadly speaking, the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered. The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated, and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated.The legal basis of all insurance is the “policy”. This is a printed form of contract. It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a certain sum of money, called the “premium”, which is usually paid every year, the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss, if the risk actually happens. The wording of policies, particularly in marine insurance, often seems very old-fashioned, but there is a sound reason of this. Over a large number of years, many law cases have been brought to clear up the meanings of doubtful phrases in policies. The law courts have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning, and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in polices even when they have passed out of normal use in speech.It seems that the author thinks the insurance is______.A.a form of gamblingB.a way of making money quicklyC.useful and necessaryD.old-fashioned
资料：（一）Insurance is the sharing of risks, Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort. The house owner, for example, knows that his property can be damaged by fire, the ship owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea；the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer. On the other hand, not every house is damaged by fire nor every vessel lost at sea. If these persons each put a small sum of money into a pool, there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss, In other words, the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the money. This is the basis of insurance, Those who pay the contribution are known as “insured”and those who administer the pool of contributions as ”insurers”.Not all risks can be covered by insurance. Broadly speaking, the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered. The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated, and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated.The legal basis of all insurance is the “policy”. This is a printed form of contract. It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a certain sum of money, called the “premium”, which is usually paid every year, the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss, if the risk actually happens. The wording of policies, particularly in marine insurance, often seems very old-fashioned, but there is a sound reason of this. Over a large number of years, many law cases have been brought to clear up the meanings of doubtful phrases in policies. The law courts have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning, and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in polices even when they have passed out of normal use in speech.According to this passage, insurance is possible because______.A.only a small proportion of the insured suffer lossB.everyone at some time suffers lossC.nearly everyone suffers lossD.only insured people suffer loss
资料：（一）Insurance is the sharing of risks, Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort. The house owner, for example, knows that his property can be damaged by fire, the ship owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea；the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer. On the other hand, not every house is damaged by fire nor every vessel lost at sea. If these persons each put a small sum of money into a pool, there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss, In other words, the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the money. This is the basis of insurance, Those who pay the contribution are known as “insured”and those who administer the pool of contributions as ”insurers”.Not all risks can be covered by insurance. Broadly speaking, the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered. The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated, and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated.The legal basis of all insurance is the “policy”. This is a printed form of contract. It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a certain sum of money, called the “premium”, which is usually paid every year, the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss, if the risk actually happens. The wording of policies, particularly in marine insurance, often seems very old-fashioned, but there is a sound reason of this. Over a large number of years, many law cases have been brought to clear up the meanings of doubtful phrases in policies. The law courts have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning, and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in polices even when they have passed out of normal use in speech.The insurance of businesses’ordinary risks is not possible because______.A.such risks are very expensiveB.such risks cannot be estimated preciselyC.such risks are too highD.the premium would be too high
资料：（一）Insurance is the sharing of risks, Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort. The house owner, for example, knows that his property can be damaged by fire, the ship owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea；the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer. On the other hand, not every house is damaged by fire nor every vessel lost at sea. If these persons each put a small sum of money into a pool, there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss, In other words, the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the money. This is the basis of insurance, Those who pay the contribution are known as “insured”and those who administer the pool of contributions as ”insurers”.Not all risks can be covered by insurance. Broadly speaking, the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered. The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated, and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated.The legal basis of all insurance is the “policy”. This is a printed form of contract. It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a certain sum of money, called the “premium”, which is usually paid every year, the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss, if the risk actually happens. The wording of policies, particularly in marine insurance, often seems very old-fashioned, but there is a sound reason of this. Over a large number of years, many law cases have been brought to clear up the meanings of doubtful phrases in policies. The law courts have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning, and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in polices even when they have passed out of normal use in speech.Old-fashioned wording is sometimes used in insurance policies because______.A.law courts have decided not to use fashionable wordsB.it is widely accepted by all the insuredC.it enables ordinary people to understand it easilyD.the meaning of such wording has been agreed upon
共用题干Earthquake Insurance1.Earthquake insurance is a form of homeowners' insurance which deals with damage caused by earthquakes.In regions where earthquakes are especially common,homeowners may be required to carry earthquake insurance,so that in the event of an earthquake,people rely less on government disaster funds and more on their own insurance policies.As a general rule,earthquake insurance is not a part of standard insurance policies,and it must be purchased separately.2.Earthquakes can cause a variety of damage to a home,ranging from complete destruction to damage which causes the building to become structurally unsound.Indirect damage caused by neigh-boring collapses of structures and freeways can also occur,as can more bizarre forms of earthquake damage,like winding up with a car in the living room or a sinkhole in the back yard.Fires and flooding are also common problems in the wake of earthquakes.3.When homeowners purchase earthquake insurance,they may be protected against both direct damage,such as a structural collapse after an earthquake,and indirect damage,like a fire caused by broken gas lines.More commonly,the insurance only covers structural damage caused directly by the earthquake.The insurance may pay for a complete replacement of the structure,or a remodel, depending on the type of insurance and the nature of the damage.Some policies also cover damaged property like cars,and they may provide living allowances so that the residents of the home can temporarily relocate for the duration of the repairs.4.This type of homeowners' insurance is prone to adverse selection,in which only people in high risk areas purchase the insurance.The problem with adverse selection for insurance companies is that it decreases the pool of customers,making potential payouts very expensive.For this reason, earthquake insurance often has a high deductible,and it can he very expensive.5.Recognizing the need for earthquake insurance,some governments have provided subsidies for earthquake insurance,to reduce the stress on insurance companies.Insurance companies also adjust their risk pools carefully,and there may be stringent requirements for a homeowner to purchase earthquake insurance.For example,a home may need to be retrofitted for earthquake safety, reducing the amount of damage which will be incurred in a quake.For low-income home owners, this can be very difficult,as it drives the cost of earthquake insurance out of reach,which can in turn make it difficult to get home loans,as many banks in earthquake-prone areas insist on earth-quake insurance as a condition for a loan.Paragraph 3______A:What's the Main Problem of Earthquake Insurance?B:What Damages Can an Earthquake Cause?C:How to Buy an Earthquake Insurance?D:What Is an Earthquake Insurance?E:Where Does Earthquake Happen Frequently? F: What Does an Earthquake Insurance Contain?
共用题干Earthquake Insurance1.Earthquake insurance is a form of homeowners' insurance which deals with damage caused by earthquakes.In regions where earthquakes are especially common,homeowners may be required to carry earthquake insurance,so that in the event of an earthquake,people rely less on government disaster funds and more on their own insurance policies.As a general rule,earthquake insurance is not a part of standard insurance policies,and it must be purchased separately.2.Earthquakes can cause a variety of damage to a home,ranging from complete destruction to damage which causes the building to become structurally unsound.Indirect damage caused by neigh-boring collapses of structures and freeways can also occur,as can more bizarre forms of earthquake damage,like winding up with a car in the living room or a sinkhole in the back yard.Fires and flooding are also common problems in the wake of earthquakes.3.When homeowners purchase earthquake insurance,they may be protected against both direct damage,such as a structural collapse after an earthquake,and indirect damage,like a fire caused by broken gas lines.More commonly,the insurance only covers structural damage caused directly by the earthquake.The insurance may pay for a complete replacement of the structure,or a remodel, depending on the type of insurance and the nature of the damage.Some policies also cover damaged property like cars,and they may provide living allowances so that the residents of the home can temporarily relocate for the duration of the repairs.4.This type of homeowners' insurance is prone to adverse selection,in which only people in high risk areas purchase the insurance.The problem with adverse selection for insurance companies is that it decreases the pool of customers,making potential payouts very expensive.For this reason, earthquake insurance often has a high deductible,and it can he very expensive.5.Recognizing the need for earthquake insurance,some governments have provided subsidies for earthquake insurance,to reduce the stress on insurance companies.Insurance companies also adjust their risk pools carefully,and there may be stringent requirements for a homeowner to purchase earthquake insurance.For example,a home may need to be retrofitted for earthquake safety, reducing the amount of damage which will be incurred in a quake.For low-income home owners, this can be very difficult,as it drives the cost of earthquake insurance out of reach,which can in turn make it difficult to get home loans,as many banks in earthquake-prone areas insist on earth-quake insurance as a condition for a loan.Earthquakes can cause a variety of direct damage and______.A:indirect damageB:risk poolsC:government disaster fundsD:the nature of the damageE:insurance policies F: prices
共用题干Earthquake Insurance1.Earthquake insurance is a form of homeowners' insurance which deals with damage caused by earthquakes.In regions where earthquakes are especially common,homeowners may be required to carry earthquake insurance,so that in the event of an earthquake,people rely less on government disaster funds and more on their own insurance policies.As a general rule,earthquake insurance is not a part of standard insurance policies,and it must be purchased separately.2.Earthquakes can cause a variety of damage to a home,ranging from complete destruction to damage which causes the building to become structurally unsound.Indirect damage caused by neigh-boring collapses of structures and freeways can also occur,as can more bizarre forms of earthquake damage,like winding up with a car in the living room or a sinkhole in the back yard.Fires and flooding are also common problems in the wake of earthquakes.3.When homeowners purchase earthquake insurance,they may be protected against both direct damage,such as a structural collapse after an earthquake,and indirect damage,like a fire caused by broken gas lines.More commonly,the insurance only covers structural damage caused directly by the earthquake.The insurance may pay for a complete replacement of the structure,or a remodel, depending on the type of insurance and the nature of the damage.Some policies also cover damaged property like cars,and they may provide living allowances so that the residents of the home can temporarily relocate for the duration of the repairs.4.This type of homeowners' insurance is prone to adverse selection,in which only people in high risk areas purchase the insurance.The problem with adverse selection for insurance companies is that it decreases the pool of customers,making potential payouts very expensive.For this reason, earthquake insurance often has a high deductible,and it can he very expensive.5.Recognizing the need for earthquake insurance,some governments have provided subsidies for earthquake insurance,to reduce the stress on insurance companies.Insurance companies also adjust their risk pools carefully,and there may be stringent requirements for a homeowner to purchase earthquake insurance.For example,a home may need to be retrofitted for earthquake safety, reducing the amount of damage which will be incurred in a quake.For low-income home owners, this can be very difficult,as it drives the cost of earthquake insurance out of reach,which can in turn make it difficult to get home loans,as many banks in earthquake-prone areas insist on earth-quake insurance as a condition for a loan.The insurance paid for earthquake depends on the type of insurance and______. A:indirect damageB:risk poolsC:government disaster fundsD:the nature of the damageE:insurance policies F: prices
共用题干Earthquake Insurance1.Earthquake insurance is a form of homeowners' insurance which deals with damage caused by earthquakes.In regions where earthquakes are especially common,homeowners may be required to carry earthquake insurance,so that in the event of an earthquake,people rely less on government disaster funds and more on their own insurance policies.As a general rule,earthquake insurance is not a part of standard insurance policies,and it must be purchased separately.2.Earthquakes can cause a variety of damage to a home,ranging from complete destruction to damage which causes the building to become structurally unsound.Indirect damage caused by neigh-boring collapses of structures and freeways can also occur,as can more bizarre forms of earthquake damage,like winding up with a car in the living room or a sinkhole in the back yard.Fires and flooding are also common problems in the wake of earthquakes.3.When homeowners purchase earthquake insurance,they may be protected against both direct damage,such as a structural collapse after an earthquake,and indirect damage,like a fire caused by broken gas lines.More commonly,the insurance only covers structural damage caused directly by the earthquake.The insurance may pay for a complete replacement of the structure,or a remodel, depending on the type of insurance and the nature of the damage.Some policies also cover damaged property like cars,and they may provide living allowances so that the residents of the home can temporarily relocate for the duration of the repairs.4.This type of homeowners' insurance is prone to adverse selection,in which only people in high risk areas purchase the insurance.The problem with adverse selection for insurance companies is that it decreases the pool of customers,making potential payouts very expensive.For this reason, earthquake insurance often has a high deductible,and it can he very expensive.5.Recognizing the need for earthquake insurance,some governments have provided subsidies for earthquake insurance,to reduce the stress on insurance companies.Insurance companies also adjust their risk pools carefully,and there may be stringent requirements for a homeowner to purchase earthquake insurance.For example,a home may need to be retrofitted for earthquake safety, reducing the amount of damage which will be incurred in a quake.For low-income home owners, this can be very difficult,as it drives the cost of earthquake insurance out of reach,which can in turn make it difficult to get home loans,as many banks in earthquake-prone areas insist on earth-quake insurance as a condition for a loan.Insurance companies also adjust their______.A:indirect damageB:risk poolsC:government disaster fundsD:the nature of the damageE:insurance policies F: prices
The （）is the consideration which the insurers receive from the assured in exchange for their undertaking to pay the sum insured in the event insured against.A、insurance amountB、insurance premiumC、amount of compensationD、salvage charges
国际货物运输保险的英文是（）。A、Insurance for International TransportB、International Ttransportation Cargo InsuranceC、International Cargo InsuranceD、Internationall Insurance for Cargo
问答题Passage 1 Do you know insurance (保险)? Buying insurance is a (1)______ by which people can protect themselves (2)______ large losses. Protection against fire is one kind of insurance. Large numbers of people pay (3)______ sums of money to an insurance company. Although thousands of people have paid for fire insurance, only (4)______ will lose their homes by fire The insurance company will pay for these homes out of the sums of money it has (5)______ . The first modem fire insurance company was (6)______ in London, England, in 1666. A great fire had just (7)______ most of the cities, and people wanted protection against (8)______ losses. The first company (9)______ rapidly. Soon other companies were founded in other areas. Benjamin Franklin helped form the first fire insurance company in America in 1752. He also (10)______ a new kind of insurance for (11)______. The new insurance would offer protection against the loss of crops (12)______ storms. In 1775, Benjamin Franklin helped start (13)______ new insurance company in America. This company, (14)______ offered life insurance, collected some money (15)______ from many different men (16)______ a man died, his family was given a large sum of money. Today, this company is (17)______ in Business. Over the years, people have (18)______ from many new kinds of insurance when they have suffered from (19)______ accidents as car and plane crashes.(20)______, almost everyone has some kinds of insurance.1. A. way B. company C. thought D. means2. A. between B. to C. from D. on3. A. small B. large C. little D. few4. A. few B. quite a few C. a few D. many5. A. fobbed B. taken C. collected D. Borrowed6. A. organized B. found C. Built D. formed7. A. injured B. hurt C. destroyed D. harmed8. A. longer B. farther C. further D. deeper9. A. grew B. went C. existed D. 3 raised10. A. insisted B. suggested C. advised D. wanted11. A. workers B. salesmen C. farmers D. people12. A. By B. from C. for D. with13. A. other B. some C. certain D. another14. A. which B. that C. who D. where15. A. regularly B. often C. usually D. always16. A. Although B. Until C. If D. Unless17. A. still B. also C. already D. always18. A. heard B. paid C. Benefited D. offered19. A. such B. many C. the D. more20. A. Gradually B. Today C. Tomorrow D. Lately
单选题If the carrier is responsible for the damage or loss of the cargo，（）will have to pay to the insurance company.Athe cargo holderBthe ShipownerCthe ship's crewDthe P and I Club
单选题The ship owner’s liability for cargo damage is covered under what marine insurance policy?（）AHullBCargoCProtection and IndemnityDPollution