名词解释题leukemia
名词解释题
leukemia
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在ScienceDirect高级检索“Withwordsintitle,abstractorkeywords”中输入“leukemia－acute”可以检索到的结果是以下哪项?() A.标题、摘要和关键词字段中有非白血病的文献B.标题、摘要或关键词字段中有白血病的文献C.标题、摘要或关键词字段中有非急性白血病的文献D.标题、摘要或关键词字段中有急性白血病的文献
共用题干1. Do you know a child who survived leukemia（白血病）?Do you have a mother , sister or aunt whose breast cancer was found early thanks to a mammogram（乳腺X光照片）?Do you have a friend or coworker who quit smoking to reduce their risk of lung cancer? Each of these individuals benefited from the American Cancer Society's research program.2.Each day scientists supported by the American Cancer Society work to find breakthroughs that will take US one step closer to a cure.The American Cancer Society has long recognized that research holds the ultimate answers to the prevention,diagnosis and treatment of cancer.3.As the largest source of nonprofit cancer research funds in the United States,the American Cancer Society devotes over $100 million each year to research.Since 1946,they've invested more than $2. 4 billion in research. The investment has paid rich dividends（回报、效益）.In 1946,only one in four cancer patients was alive five years after diagnosis;today 60 percent live longer than five years.4.Investigators and health professionals in universities,research institutes and hospitals throughout the country receive grants from the American Cancer Society.Of the more than 1,300 new applications received each year,only 11 percent can be funded.If the American Cancer Society had more money available for research funding,nearly 200 more applications considered outstanding could be funded each year.5.You can help fund more of these applications by participating in the American Cancer Society Relay（接力）for Life,a team event to fight cancer. More funding means more cancer breakthroughs and more lives being saved.To learn more,call Donna Hood,chair with the Neosho Relay for Life of the American Cancer Society at 451-4880.More cancer breakthroughs can be made with__________.A:lack of fundingB:many cancer patientsC:more lives being savedD:more than five yearsE:the ultimate answers F: more funding
共用题干LeukemiaLeukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get,but it is still very rare.Leukemia involves the blood and blood-forming organs,such as the bone marrow.________(46)A kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. Usually,white blood cells fight infection,but the white blood cells in a person with leukemia don't work the way they're supposed to.________(47)The abnormal white blood cells multiply out of control,filling the bone marrow and making it hard for enough normal,infection-fighting white blood cells to form.Other blood cells一such asred blood cells(that carry oxygen in the blood to the body's tissues)and platelets(that allow blood to clot）一are also crowded out by the white blood cells of leukemia. These cancer cells may also move to other parts of the body,including the bloodstream,where they continue to multiply and build up.Although leukemia can make kids sick,most of the time it is treatable,and kids get better. Almost all leukemia patients are treated with chemotherapy,which means using anti-cancer drug.________(48)Chemotherapy quickly goes to work,traveling through the blood to the bone marrow. There,the drugs can attack the cancer cells.After several weeks of chemotherapy,many kids begin to feel better.Some children with leukemia will also have to have radiation therapy,too.________(49)If the cancer isn't getting better from using the usual amounts of chemotherapy and radiation,then a kid with leukemia will probably need more treatment一with higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation to finally kill the cancer cells.But this heavy-duty treatment will also harm the normal cells in the kid's bone marrow too,and the bone marrow will no longer be able to produce normal blood cells.So,doctors will then give a kid一or anyone else with bone marrow that is no longer working一normal bone marrow tissue from someone else who is healthy.________(50)___________（50）A:The chemotherapy drugs are given through a catheter,a narrow tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, sometimes in the kid's upper chest.B:Early symptoms of leukemia are often overlooked,since they may resemble symptoms of the flu or other common diseases.C:This is a special procedure called a bone marrow transplant,and it helps the patient make new blood cells so they can recover from the leukemia.D:Bone marrow is the innermost part of some bones where blood cells are first made.E:They don't protect the person from infections very well.F: Radiation therapy uses invisible high-energy waves(similar to X-rays)to kill cancerous cells.
共用题干第二篇Bone Marrow TransplantationBone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones,such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains immature cells,called stem cells.The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body,the white blood cells that fight infections,and the platelets that help with blood clotting.If there is a problem with your bone marrow,a transplant can give you healthy new marrow. You could need a transplant because of a disease,such as bone marrow diseases or cancers like leukemia kemia or lymphoma.Or you might need one if a strong cancer treatment kills your healthy blood cells.People with cancer sometimes donate bone marrow before treatment to be transplanted later. But often the new marrow comes from a donor,either a close family member or someone unrelated.The healthy cells for a transplant can come from three sources:bone marrow;peripheral (circulating) blood that has an increased number of healthy blood-forming cells(also called peripheral blood stem cells or PBSC);umbilical cord blood that is collected after a baby is born.If you need an allogeneic transplant,your doctor will look for a marrow donor or cord blood unit that matches your HLA tissue type.HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen,a markei your immune system uses to recognize which cells belong in your body and which do not.Before your body can receive the healthy cells,the diseased cells must be destroyed.This is done using chemotherapy and sometimes radiation. The destruction of diseased cells is called a preparative regimen or a conditioning regimen.On the day of transplant,the cells from the marrow donor or cord blood unit are infused intravenously(go into your body through a large vein).These healthy cells move into the spaces inside your bones where they create new marrow. They grow and make healthy new red blood cells,white blood cells,and platelets.We can infer from this passage that_________.A:bone marrow transplantation requires five proceduresB:bone marrow transplantation is complexC:people with leukemia must need transplantationD:people with cancer must donate bone marrow before treatment
MEDLINE中，自由词方式检索“白血病（1eukemia）的诊断和治疗”的文献，可输入检索式 （）A、Leukemia and（diagnosis or therapy）B、Leukemia and diagnosis or therapyC、Leukemia and diagnosis and therapyD、Leukemia or diagnosis or therapy
单选题Supposing 1 million leukemia cells were killed after 24 hours of exposure to radio waves, how many healthy cells would be killed under the same condition?A1.2 million.B1.4 million.C0.8 million.D2 million.
单选题Passage2Can electricity cause cancer？In a society that literally runs on electric power，the very idea seems preposterous.But for more than a decade，a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies.The implications are unsettling，to say the least，since everyone comes into contact with such fields，which are generated by everything electrical，from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory，it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate-or the worst kind of paranoia.Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review，released in draft form late last week，the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date.The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidencesuggests a casual link”between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields-those having very long wave-lengths-and leukemia，lymphoma and brain cancer，While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens，it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field asa possible，but not proven，cause of cancer in humans.”The report is no reason to panic-or even to lost sleep.If there is a cancer risk，it is a small one.The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Administration，and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the White House.But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth' sown magnetic field, the electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts permeter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades, scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Suchionizingradiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues,a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.The Pentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having biased the entire documenttoward proving a link. Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that(electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer,the Air Force concludes.It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.Then Pentagon's concern is understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense systems built into every warship and plane.The view-point of the EPA is_______.Athere is casual link between electricity and cancerBelectricity really affects cancerCcontroversialDlow frequency electromagnetic field is a possible cause of cancer
单选题Passage2Can electricity cause cancer？In a society that literally runs on electric power，the very idea seems preposterous.But for more than a decade，a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies.The implications are unsettling，to say the least，since everyone comes into contact with such fields，which are generated by everything electrical，from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory，it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate-or the worst kind of paranoia.Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review，released in draft form late last week，the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date.The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidencesuggests a casual link”between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields-those having very long wave-lengths-and leukemia，lymphoma and brain cancer，While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens，it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field asa possible，but not proven，cause of cancer in humans.”The report is no reason to panic-or even to lost sleep.If there is a cancer risk，it is a small one.The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Administration，and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the White House.But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth' sown magnetic field, the electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts permeter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades, scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Suchionizingradiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues,a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.The Pentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having biased the entire documenttoward proving a link. Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that(electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer,the Air Force concludes.It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.Then Pentagon's concern is understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense systems built into every warship and plane.Why did the Pentagon and White House object to the release of the report?AIt may stir a great deal of debate among the Administration.BEvery unit of the modern military has depended on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment.CThe Pentagon's concern was understandable.DThey had different arguments.
问答题Passage 2 In January 2002, during the first week of a six-month stay at the Children’ s Hospital of Philadelphia for leukemia (白血病) treatment, Michael wandered over to his hospital window in search of relaxation. The (1)______ first-grader watched a construction crew (2)______ on a 10-storey addition to the hospital. (3)______ Michael’s third-floor window, Ritchie, an iron-worker from the East Falls section of Philadelphia, (4)______ and saw "this kid with no hair (5)______ face was pressed up to the window. I waved, and he smiled and (6)______ I’ll never forget that," says Ritchie, a father of three. As winter (7)______ spring, Michael watched, fascinated (着迷), as 3,000 tons of steel (8)______ formed the skeleton of the building. One day he colored a message for the crew and held (9)______ up to the window: Hi, Local Iron Workers. I’ m Mike. Ritchie and the (10)______ crew messaged back. Over the (11)______ months, as his treatment continued, Ritchie and the crew (12)______ Michael up and cheered him with (13)______ signs like Be Strong Mike. (14)______ the construction reached the third floor, Ritchie jumped across the (15)______ between the buildings and the two had a (16)______ chat. The hard hat with the tender heart wells up (涌出眼泪) when he thinks about it. “Michael (17)______ my life,” says Ritchie. “I was a real hard-core (顽固不化的) person without a lot of sympathy. But I’d (18)______ seeing this kid every day waving at me and excited about the construction. I look at life (19)______ thanks to him. “Today Michael is a 10-year-old third-grader in complete recovery. What does he hope to (20)______ when he grows up? “A construction worker,” he says.1. A. strange B. curious C. serious D. anxious2. A. playing B. studying C. living D. working3. A. Below B. Above C. Under D. Over4. A. watched out B. watched at C. looked up D. looked down5. A. whom B. whose C. which D. that6. A. came back B. came on C. waved back D. waved on7. A. went off B. went out C. turned into D. turned to8. A. gradually B. immediately C. successfully D. usually9. A. that B. it C. one D. itself10. A. hospital B. repair C. construction D. school11. A. first B. last C. long D. next12. A. cheered B. lighted C. called D. woke13. A. discouraging B. encouraging C. surprising D. interesting14. A. Before B. Since C. While D. When15. A. ground B. floor C. space D. storey16. A. face-to-face B. hand-in-hand C. neck-and-neck D. step-by-step17. A. gave B. changed C. saved D. took18. A. pay attention to B. get down to C. be used to D. look forward to19. A. differently B. happily C. sadly D. excitedly20. A. have B. get C. be D. appreciate