问答题Wild Birds Treated as Bird-flu Carriers Avian influenza, also known as bird-flu, is dominating headlines in some parts of the world. The first cases of the deadly HSN1 swain of the virus have been confirmed in Europe and there have been new outbreaks in Asia. Bird-flu is here to stay, according to the World Health Organization, and countries are revising their procedures on how to prevent, or at the very least delay, a human pandemic. In areas where the virus has already been confirmed, like Romania, most efforts focus on trying to keep domestic birds away from wild local birds like swans, and migrating birds like geese. In the wetlands of the Danube delta thousands of hens, ducks and geese have already been slaughtered. Some ornithologists plead that we’d better not demonize the wild birds. Bird flu began among poultry in south-east Asia, almost certainly because of the way people treat domestic birds, cramped together in small cages. They infected the wild birds, which are now bringing the virus to Europe and Africa. Poultry are catching it, and sooner or later, so will humans. It’s coming full circles. So don’t blame the birds. Blame human cruelty. On a lake in Mined, not far from the delta capital Tulcea, two pigmy cormorants,10 domestic ducks, egrets, black-headed gulls, and swans, lots of swans. Sleeping. They shouldn’t be sleeping now. It’s the middle of the day! Perhaps they’re sick. Swans have borne the brunt of the bird-flu outbreak here so far. They were weak anyway, because of the floods which have struck Romania this Spring and Summer. Swans thrive in water not much deeper than one metre. They plunge their long necks under water to feed. With water levels unusually high, the swans have take refuge this year in fish farms, where many shallow, man-made pools offer rich pickings. But other birds, domestic and wild, gather there too-and such concentrations of birds, experts say, create a perfect environment for spreading disease. In the second confirmed bird-flu cluster in the delta,137 swans have died, on a fish farm in the village of Maliue. In the third cluster, near the Ukrainian border,15 swans have died so far. The number may not be huge, but this is undoubtedly the tip of the avian influenza iceberg. Bird-flu is already present in Romania’s neighbors, Ukraine, Moldova, and Bulgaria. White-fronted geese can travel 500 kilometers in a single day! Scientists should concentrate on a vaccine to prevent the virus in birds, and not put all their efforts into the human version. According to experts from the World Health Organization, the virus will remain for a long time in the region. More cases of bird-flu will be discovered, And each time, a major quarantine operation will have to be launched. To kill poultry, to closely observe those who have come into contact with sick birds, and seal off the area. People throughout this wetland region will just have to learn a new way of life. And so will their hens and ducks and geese. Like the tale of the Sultan’s gold coin, no one can say how this story will end.
问答题
Wild Birds Treated as Bird-flu Carriers Avian influenza, also known as bird-flu, is dominating headlines in some parts of the world. The first cases of the deadly HSN1 swain of the virus have been confirmed in Europe and there have been new outbreaks in Asia. Bird-flu is here to stay, according to the World Health Organization, and countries are revising their procedures on how to prevent, or at the very least delay, a human pandemic. In areas where the virus has already been confirmed, like Romania, most efforts focus on trying to keep domestic birds away from wild local birds like swans, and migrating birds like geese. In the wetlands of the Danube delta thousands of hens, ducks and geese have already been slaughtered. Some ornithologists plead that we’d better not demonize the wild birds. Bird flu began among poultry in south-east Asia, almost certainly because of the way people treat domestic birds, cramped together in small cages. They infected the wild birds, which are now bringing the virus to Europe and Africa. Poultry are catching it, and sooner or later, so will humans. It’s coming full circles. So don’t blame the birds. Blame human cruelty. On a lake in Mined, not far from the delta capital Tulcea, two pigmy cormorants,10 domestic ducks, egrets, black-headed gulls, and swans, lots of swans. Sleeping. They shouldn’t be sleeping now. It’s the middle of the day! Perhaps they’re sick. Swans have borne the brunt of the bird-flu outbreak here so far. They were weak anyway, because of the floods which have struck Romania this Spring and Summer. Swans thrive in water not much deeper than one metre. They plunge their long necks under water to feed. With water levels unusually high, the swans have take refuge this year in fish farms, where many shallow, man-made pools offer rich pickings. But other birds, domestic and wild, gather there too-and such concentrations of birds, experts say, create a perfect environment for spreading disease. In the second confirmed bird-flu cluster in the delta,137 swans have died, on a fish farm in the village of Maliue. In the third cluster, near the Ukrainian border,15 swans have died so far. The number may not be huge, but this is undoubtedly the tip of the avian influenza iceberg. Bird-flu is already present in Romania’s neighbors, Ukraine, Moldova, and Bulgaria. White-fronted geese can travel 500 kilometers in a single day! Scientists should concentrate on a vaccine to prevent the virus in birds, and not put all their efforts into the human version. According to experts from the World Health Organization, the virus will remain for a long time in the region. More cases of bird-flu will be discovered, And each time, a major quarantine operation will have to be launched. To kill poultry, to closely observe those who have come into contact with sick birds, and seal off the area. People throughout this wetland region will just have to learn a new way of life. And so will their hens and ducks and geese. Like the tale of the Sultan’s gold coin, no one can say how this story will end.
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BThree years ago, five parrots were set free in a wild place of Arizona, thousands of miles from the Channel Islands in Jersey where they had been looked after by zookeepers. No evolutionary strategies informed them how to behave in this new landscape of mountainous pine forest unoccupied by their kind for 50 years. To the researchers’ surprise, they failed to make contact with a group of wild parrots imported from Mexico and set free at the same time. Within 24 hours the reintroducing ended in failure, and the poor birds were back in cages, on their way to the safety of the Arizona reintroduction programme.Ever since then, the programme has enjoyed great success, mainly because the birds now being set free are Mexican birds illegally caught in the wild, confiscated (没收) on arrival north of the border, and raised by their parents in the safety of the programme. The experience shows how little we know about the behaviour and psychology(心理) of parrots, as Peter Bennett, a bird researcher, points out: “Reintroducing species of high intelligence like parrots is a lot more difficult. People like parrots, always treating them as nothing more than pets or valuable ‘collectables’.”Now that many species of parrot are in immediate danger of dying out, biologists are working together to study the natural history and the behaviour of this family of birds. Last year was an important turning point: conservationists founded the World Parrot Trust, based at Hayle in Cornwall, to support research into both wild and caged birds.Research on parrots is vital for two reasons. First, as the Arizona programme showed, when reintroducing parrots to the wild, we need to be aware of what the birds must know if they are to survive in their natural home. We also need to learn more about the needs of parrots kept as pets, particularly as the Trust’s campaign does not attempt to discourage the practice, but rather urges people who buy parrots as pets to choose birds raised by humans.55. What do we know about the area where the five parrots were reintroduced?A. Its landscape is new to parrots pf their kind.B. It used to be home to parrots of their kind.C. It is close to where they had been kept.D. Pine trees were planted to attract birds.
According to the passage, people are advised_______.A. to treat wild and caged parrots equallyB to set up comfortable homes for parrotsC. not to keep wild parrots as petsD. not to let more parrots go to the wild
IV. Reading Comprehension (60 points)Directions: There are five reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by four questions. For each question there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose one best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneWild and farm birds often get a flu virus. Yet they usually are able to carry the virus without getting sick.In 1997 six people in Hong Kong died of a different kind of bird flu virus. It is called the h-five-n-one virus. The Hong Kong government quickly ordered the killing of all farm birds there. That stopped the spread of h-five-n-one to people in Hong Kong.Yet the virus bad already spread to other parts of Asia. It was found in 16 countries between 2003 and 2006.The h-five-n-one virus first appeared in Africa. This raised many concerns about the spread of the disease. Scientists do not know exactly how bird flu came to Africa. At first, they thought wild birds were to blame. Now, officials with the U. N. Food and Agriculture Organization believe the main cause is trade in farm birds.The bird flu virus is found in the waste and liquids of infected birds. The virus spreads when healthy birds or people touch sick birds or nay infected (被感染了的) part of sick birds. Right now, the virus is not spreading among person to person. But the virus could change and start spreading among people. Health officials believe that it is even more possible now that bird flu has spread in Africa, and that is why international organizations are working so hard to stop its spread.The best way to stop the spread of bird flu is to kill all the chickens in an area where bird flu has been discovered. More than 145 000 chickens have been killed in Nigeria since bird fin was first found one year ago.36. The passage focuses on ______.A. wild and farm birdsB. a fin virusC. bird fluD. infected birds
Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Scientists have established that influenza viruses taken from man can cause the disease in animals. In addition，man can catch the disease from animals. In fact，a great number of wild birds seem to carry the virus without showing any evidence of illness. Some scientists conclude that a large family of influenza viruses may have evolved in the bird kingdom，a group that has been on the earth 100 million years and is able to carry the virus without contracting the disease. These are even convincing evidence to show that virus strains are transmitted from place to place and from continent to continent by migrating birds.It is known that two influenza viruses can recombine when both are present in an animal at the same time. The result of such recombinations is a great variety of strains constraining different H and N spikes. This raises the possibility that a human influenza virus can recombine with an influenza virus form. a lower animal to produce an entirely new spike.Research is underway to determine if that is the way that major new strains come into being. Another possibility is that two animal influenza strains may recombine in a pig，for example，to produce a new strain which is transmitted to man.According to the passage，scientists have discovered that influenza viruses______.A. cause ill health in wild birdsB. do not always cause symptoms in birdsC. are rarely present in wild birdsD. change when transferred from animals to man
What is known about the influenza virus?A. It was first found in a group of very old birds.B. All the different strains can be found in wild birds.C. It existed over 100 million years ago.D. It can survive in many different places.
It can be inferred from the passage that all of the following are ways of producing new strains of influenza viruses EXCEPT______.A. two influenza viruses in the same animal recombiningB. animal viruses recombining with human virusesC. two animal viruses recombining in one animalD. two animal viruses recombining in a human
Documents()with chemicals will not become yellow with age. A、treatingB、treatsC、be treateD、treated
It is said that ____ birds are better fed, more healthy, and live longer than their fellows in the wild. A、downtownB、installedC、operatedD、caged
The way the guests ___ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service.A. treated B. were treatedC. would treat D. would be treated
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. This influenza can cause death if not treated immediately.B. The number of the influenza virus can grow very rapidly.C. The people who got the disease recovered soon.D. The London doctors did not take the virus seriously at first.
After some experiments, the doctors found that ______.A. the influenza could be cured like other types of influenzaB. the influenza must be treated in a special wayC. the influenza did not have to be treatedD. the influenza could not be cured by any known medicine
To protect wild animals is our duty．（改为同义句）__________ our duty__________ __________ wild animals．
__________ can fly very high in __________ sky.A.The birds ... theB.The birds ... /C.Birds ... theD.Birds ... /
Passage 2Birds are a critical part of our ecological system. But more than ever, birds are threatened byhuman pollution and climate change.We need the birds to eat insects, move seeds and pollen around, transfer nutrients from sea toland, clean up after the mass death of the annual Pacific salmon runs, or when a wild animal fallsanywhere in a field or forest.How could we enjoy spring without the birds flitting busily in our garden or dropping by tocheck out the flowers in our urban window box Can you contemplate America without the soaringbald eagle, or even those scavengers like the pigeons and gulls that clean up discarded food scrapson our city streets and waterfronts How diminished our lives would be without themScavenging eagles and condors need hunters to behave responsibly and bury, or remove, theremains of any shot deer peppered with fragments of lead bullets. Loons, ducks and other water birdswill be poisoned by lead bullets and lead fishing sinkers if we allow such objects to drop in theirfeeding space.All sea and shore birds, even the puffins and guillemots of the otherwise pristine Aleutians,need us to make sure that no other heavy metals, like mercury and cadmium, are dumped in riversand make their way across the oceans.Birds like the terns, knots and shearwaters that migrate between the far north and deep, deep,south of our planet need people everywhere to cease and desist from filling in their wetland fuelstops and rest stations, and from constructing golfing resorts and factories in their feeding andbreeding grounds.Seabirds are among the most endangered vertebrate species on the planet, with the InternationalUnion for Conservation of Nature classifying 97 species as globally threatened, and 17 in the highestcategory of critically threatened. Of greatest concern are the pelicans of the southern oceans and thespectacular, but slow-breeding albatross.Plastic bags must be eliminated from natural environments so sea and shore birds don′tmistakenly carry such debris back to feed their chicks, with invariably lethal consequences. Thealbatross, cormorants and herons need us to stop over-fishing and compromising their normal foodsupply.The pelicans, penguins and all the birds that inhabit, or visit, our coastlines need us to ensurethat we do not dump oil into gulfs and bays, or release so much carbon dioxide into the atmospherethat the oceans turn acidic and we lose the mussels and oysters, the mass of calcareous plankton thatfeeds so many creatures, and the coral reefs that nurture enormous numbers of edible species.Think about it: We share this small green planet. As they fly, feed and nest, the birds monitorthe health of the natural world for us, provided that we, in turn, make the effort to access that keyinformation.The birds and humans are both large, complex and ultimately vulnerable organisms that inhabitthe top of the food chain. At the end of the day, their fate will be our fate.What does the author intend to do in writing the passageA.To evaluate our needs of birds to save our earth.B.To describe various measures to protect the birds.C.To criticize the effects of human pollution on birds.D.To explain a basic tie between birds and human beings.
共用题干Influenza（流感）Influenza has been with us a long time.According to some Greek writers_________(51)medical history, the outbreak of 412 B.C.was of influenza. The same has been suggested of the sickness_________(52)swept through the Greek army attacking Syracuse in 395 B.C.Influenza is a disease that moves most quickly among people living in_________(53)conditions,hence,it is likely to attack armies.__________(54)the nineteenth century there were five widespread outbreaks of influenza. The last of the five________（55)in 1889 and marked the beginning of the story of influenza in our time.________(56)the recent outbreak,it started in Asia.For more than forty years before that outbreak,influenza had steadily_______(57)and was believed to be dying out.A new group of outbreaks was_________(58)by the great outbreak of 1889-1890 and for the next quarter of a century influenza remained a constant threat.In April 1918 influenza broke out among American troops stationed in France.It quickly spread through all the___________(59)but caused relatively few deaths.Four months later,however,a second outbreak started which__________(60)to be a killer. It killed not only the old and already sick but also healthy young adults. It________(61)through every country in the world,only a few distant islands in the South Atlantic and the Pacific remaining_________(62).It brought the life of whole countries to stop,food_________(63)stopped and work loss was very great.Before the great outbreak ended,it had killed at_______(64)15 million people.Thereafter,there have been several great outbreaks throughout the world.It is thus__________(65) that influenza is a terrible infection that we have to pay more attention to._________(60)A:ceasedB:provedC:wantedD:failed
共用题干Influenza（流感）Influenza has been with us a long time.According to some Greek writers_________(51)medical history, the outbreak of 412 B.C.was of influenza. The same has been suggested of the sickness_________(52)swept through the Greek army attacking Syracuse in 395 B.C.Influenza is a disease that moves most quickly among people living in_________(53)conditions,hence,it is likely to attack armies.__________(54)the nineteenth century there were five widespread outbreaks of influenza. The last of the five________（55)in 1889 and marked the beginning of the story of influenza in our time.________(56)the recent outbreak,it started in Asia.For more than forty years before that outbreak,influenza had steadily_______(57)and was believed to be dying out.A new group of outbreaks was_________(58)by the great outbreak of 1889-1890 and for the next quarter of a century influenza remained a constant threat.In April 1918 influenza broke out among American troops stationed in France.It quickly spread through all the___________(59)but caused relatively few deaths.Four months later,however,a second outbreak started which__________(60)to be a killer. It killed not only the old and already sick but also healthy young adults. It________(61)through every country in the world,only a few distant islands in the South Atlantic and the Pacific remaining_________(62).It brought the life of whole countries to stop,food_________(63)stopped and work loss was very great.Before the great outbreak ended,it had killed at_______(64)15 million people.Thereafter,there have been several great outbreaks throughout the world.It is thus__________(65) that influenza is a terrible infection that we have to pay more attention to._________(51)A:onB:byC:toD:with
共用题干Operation MigrationIf you look up at the sky in the early fall in the northern part of North America,you may see groups of birds.These birds are flying south to places where they can find food and warmth for the winter.They are migrating（迁徙）.The young birds usually learn to migrate from their parents.They follow their parents south.In one unusual case,however,the young birds are following something very different.These birds are young whooping cranes,and they are following an airplane!The whooping crane is the largest bird that is native to North America.These birds al-most disappeared in the 1800s.By 1941,there were only about 20 cranes alive.In the 1970s, people were worried that these creatures were in danger of disappearing completely.As a result,the United States indentified whooping cranes as an endangered species that they needed to protect.Some researchers tried to help.They began to breed whooping cranes in special parks to increase the number of birds.This plan was successful.There were a lot of new baby birds.As the birds became older,the researchers wanted to return them to nature.However,there was a problem:These young birds did not know how to migrate.They needed human help.In 2001,some people had a creative idea.They formed an organization called Operation Migration.This group decided to use very light airplanes,instead of birds,to lead the young whooping cranes on their first trip south.They painted each airplane to look like a whooping crane.Even the pilots wore special clothing to make them look like cranes.The cranes began to trust the airplanes,and the plan worked.Today,planes still lead birds across approximately 1,200 miles(1,931 kilometers), from the United States-Canadian border to the Gulf of Mexico.They leave the birds at differ-ent sites.If a trip is successful,the birds can travel on their own in the future.Then,when these birds become parents,they will teach their young to migrate.The people of Operation Migration think this is the only way to maintain the whooping crane population.Operation Migration works with several other organizations and government institutes.Together,they assist hundreds of cranes each year.However,some experts predict that soon,this won't be necessary.Thanks to Operation Migration and its partners,the crane population will continue to migrate.Hopefully,they won't need human help any more.The distance covered by the young whooping cranes on their trip south is______.A:120 milesB:1,931 milesC:1,200 milesD:2,000 miles
单选题Some paleontologists claim that the discovery of what appear to be feathers in the fossil of an Archosaur could force a revision of current theories on the phylogeny of Archosaurs, alter conceptions of dinosaur skin surfaces, and require scholars to credit birds with a far earlier orion than previously thought.Arequire scholars to credit birds with a far earlier origin than previously thoughtBscholars may be required to credit birds with a far earlier origin than previously thoughtCrequire a crediting by scholars of birds with a far earlier origin than previously thoughtDcompared to what was previously thought, require scholars to credit birds with a far earlier originEcrediting birds with a far earlier origin than scholars had previously though
单选题What does the author intend to do in writing the passage?ATo evaluate our needs of birds to save our earth.BTo describe various measures to protect the birds.CTo criticize the effects of human pollution on birds.DTo explain a basic tie between birds and human beings.
单选题AStatistics about major diseases.BSymptoms of influenza infection.CA. major epidemic of influenza.DDifferent strains of the flu virus.