问答题Robot Even before the first robot was built, the subject of robotics was controversial. The word robot was coined in 1921 by a Czech playwright who wrote about a colony of machines endowed with artificial intelligence that eventually turned against3 their human creators. Although that account was fictional, the first industrial robots were in use by the early 1960s. Today, we continue to be intrigued by robots and their potential for both good and evil. Basically, a robot is any machine that performs work or other actions normally done by humans. Most robots are used in factories to make products such as cars and electronics. Others are used to explore underwater, in volcanoes and even on other planets. Robots consist of three main components: a brain, which is usually a computer; actuators and mechanical parts such as motors, wheels and gears; and sensors for detecting images, sound, temperature, motion and light. With these basic components, robots can interact with their environment and perform the tasks they are designed to carry out. The advantages are obvious — robots can do things humans just don’t want to do, and they are usually more cost effective. Robots can also do things more precisely than humans and allow progress in medical science and other useful advances. But, as with any machine, a robot can break down and even cause disaster. There’s also the possibility that wicked people will use robots for evil purposes. Yet this is also true with other forms of technology such as weapons and biological material. Robots will probably be used even more in the future. They will continue to do tasks where danger, repetition, cost or the need for precision prevents humans from performing. As to whether they will be used for good or evil, that depends on the nature of the humans who create them.
问答题
Robot Even before the first robot was built, the subject of robotics was controversial. The word robot was coined in 1921 by a Czech playwright who wrote about a colony of machines endowed with artificial intelligence that eventually turned against3 their human creators. Although that account was fictional, the first industrial robots were in use by the early 1960s. Today, we continue to be intrigued by robots and their potential for both good and evil. Basically, a robot is any machine that performs work or other actions normally done by humans. Most robots are used in factories to make products such as cars and electronics. Others are used to explore underwater, in volcanoes and even on other planets. Robots consist of three main components: a brain, which is usually a computer; actuators and mechanical parts such as motors, wheels and gears; and sensors for detecting images, sound, temperature, motion and light. With these basic components, robots can interact with their environment and perform the tasks they are designed to carry out. The advantages are obvious — robots can do things humans just don’t want to do, and they are usually more cost effective. Robots can also do things more precisely than humans and allow progress in medical science and other useful advances. But, as with any machine, a robot can break down and even cause disaster. There’s also the possibility that wicked people will use robots for evil purposes. Yet this is also true with other forms of technology such as weapons and biological material. Robots will probably be used even more in the future. They will continue to do tasks where danger, repetition, cost or the need for precision prevents humans from performing. As to whether they will be used for good or evil, that depends on the nature of the humans who create them.
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A robot was recently sent to ________ the surface of Mars. A. foistB. registerC. exploreD. hammer
For anyone who hates doing yard work, your new best friend may have arrived. A robot can autonomously shovel snow, collect leaves and cut grass.“We’re trying t o help people not spend time on yard work，”said Steven Waelbers, the designer of t he robot. “We want people to enjoy t heir free time with their family.”The electric robot can run by itself in right directions with the help of two beacons(信号塔) that must be placed in the yard. the robot includes a camera and ultrasound sensor (超声传感器) that Waelbers said would stop quickly when it finds pets and people.Owners of the robot will need t o regulate t he values stored in the robot. then it will confirm the task it’s going to take. Before the robot operate by itself, an owner must manually wheel it around the yard 一 taking it around any obstacles like trees, bushes or mailboxes. By doing this, the robot is taught how long and wide the lawn is, and won’t accidentally(不小心) destroy your rose hush or run to the neighborhood.Once this setup is complete, and the $3,999 robot has been trained on where to cut grass, rake leaves and shovel snow, it operates without any supervision.Waelbers has always loved to build robots and play with electronics. He started work on a high-tech company after his father asked him to make a robot that would shovel snow for him. Waelbers plans to start sales in early 2017.26. This article mainly talks about()A. a newly-designed robotB. The founder of a companyC. problems with a new product27. According to Steven Waelbers, the robot is designed to()A. encourage people to do exerciseB. help people keep healthy and fitC. make people enjoy family time28.the robot would stop in front of pets and people thanks to()A. the remote controllerB. the ultrasound sensorC. the big and square yard29. Which of the following steps should be done in the first place?()A. An owner must wheel the robot around the yard by himself.B. The robot learns and stores the length and width of the lawn.C. The robot operates the task it’s going to take without supervision.30. Which of the following about Waelbers is TRUE?()A. He didn’t love building robots when he was a young boy.B. His father asked him to make a robot that could play balls.C. He is starting to sell this snow-shoveling robot in early 2017.
Our new robot can help __________ the patient form. wheelchair to seat with relative ease. A、moveB、relocateC、shiftD、transfer
One study conducted by a psychologist(121)of interviewing workers before and after the installation of a robot. The robot was used to control a matching process of stamping and assembling metal parts. Prior to installation, much of the work done by skilled machinists. After installation, the robot did the work, but the workers controlled the robot through the robot through a control panel. The results of the study indicated that the workers praised the robot(122)eliminating the physical labor and fatigue(123)the manual operation, but complained of more and continued stress. Prior to installation of the robot, there was time for talking or short periods of relaxation between jobs. Now, however, because of the speed of the robot, there was a need for constant scanning and monitoring of the operation(124)performed by the robot has the installation of the robot created a better work environment? Has the change from physical labor to mental stress resulted in an improved(125)of life? Much additional research is necessary.A．OfB．consistedC．forD．being
Text 2 Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics--the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform. some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy--far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves--goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world. "Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated--than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.第46题：Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated inA the use of machines to produce science fiction.B the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.C the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.D the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.
B:根据对话内容填入适当的单词补全对话，使句义完整，符合逻辑，每空限填一个单词。A: 86 in the room?B: There are some kinds of robots made by the students in our school.A: Really? What are they 87 for?B: The one with blue eyes is a guide robot. She can show you around our school.A: 88 about the taller one?B: He is a cook robot. He can cook something nice for you.A: Oh, I think that’s a cleaning robot.B: Maybe you’re right. When he finds waste things, he’ll pick them up. He can 89 our environment clean.A: That’s wonderful! What good students! I’m proud of them.B: So 90 I.86.___________
共用题干The Robot ManAccording to Hans Moravec,universal robots will take over all the physical activities that we engage in,leaving us with little to do.Moravec sees four generations on the road to true universal robots. The first generation will be here by 2010 and will consist of free-ranging robots that can navigate by building an internal mental map of their surroundings.In new situations they'll be able to adapt,unlike today's mobile industrial robots.These robots will have the computing power to cope with simple speech and text recognition,and will be used for tasks such as domestic clean-ing.The second generation will arrive around 2020 and will be distinguished by the ability to learn .Second generation robots are programmed with sets of primitive tasks and with feedback that provide"pleasure"and"pain"stimuli .For example,a collision provokes a negative response,a completed task would be positive.Move forward another ten years to 2030 and you get to generation three.This robot can build internal simulations of the world around it. Before beginning a task,it can imagine what will happen in order to predict problems.If it has a free moment,it can replay past experiences and try variations in order to find a better way of如ing things next time .It could even observe a person or another robot performing a task and learn by imitation.For the first time,we have here a robot that can think.By the time we get to generation four in 2040,Moravec predicts that robots will be able to: match human reasoning and behaviour;generalise abstract ideas from specific experience;and, conversely,compile detailed plans of action from general commands such as"earn a living"or "make more robots".The Moravec manifesto（宣告）runs something like this. As robots start to become useful in generation one,they'll begin to take on many tasks in industry.Driven by the availability of this cheap and tireless labour force,the economy will boom and the demand for robots will grow so rapidly that they will soon become lowcost commodity items.So much so that they'll move into the home,where the domestic robot will relieve us of many chores.With increasing automation in generations two and three,the length of the average working day will plummet,eventually to near zero. Most people will be unemployed as robots take over not just primary industry,but the service economy too.Moravec sees the fourth generation as an opportunity to surpass our human limitations.These future machines will be our"mind children".Like biological children of previous generations,they will embody humanity's best hope for a long-term future. What does Moravec think of these future robots?A: They will look like previous biological children.B: They will be humans' mind-children.C: They will create a dangerous world.D: They will rule the world.
第二十二篇 RealWld Robots When you think of a robot, do you envision ashiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being,perfming humanlike functions, responding to your questions in a monotonevoice accentuated by high-pitched tones beeps? This is the way many of usimagine a robot, but in the real wld, a robot is not humanoid at all. Insteada robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries outrepetitive dangerous functions usually perfmed by humans. Today’s robot is me than an automatic machine that perfms one taskagain again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees ofartificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains acomputer program that tells it how to perfm tasks associated with human intelligence,such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, learning from past experience. A robot does not possess a human shape fthe simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remainingbalanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels axlesthat roll rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel move incombination with ts mots. To find its way in its surroundings1, arobot utilizes various built-in senss. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeteras it moves on an incline, a gyroscope a pendulum inside it senses thevertical differential. To determine its distance from an object how quicklyit will reach the object，the robot bounces beams oflaser light ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These other senss constantly feed infmation to the computer, which then analyzesthe infmation crects adjusts the robot’sactions. As science technology advance, the robot too will progress in itsfunctions use of artificial-intelligence programs. 词汇： envision v. 想象，预想 device n. 装置 accentuate v. 强调，重读 artificial intelligence n. 人工智能 limb n. 臂 antennae n. 天线 incline v. 倾斜 pendulum n. 钟摆 ultrasonic adj. 超声的 metallic adj. 金属的 monotone n. 单调的 humanoid adj. 像人的 axle n. 轮轴 rotate v. 旋转 swivel n. 旋转 teeter v. 摇晃 gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪 vertical n. 直立的 注释： 1.To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路…… 2.the robot bounces beams of laser light ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上(以此来探知路径)。 练习：3.The last paragraph suggests that futurerobots will beA me humanlike inbehavi actions.B me like automaticmachines.C better able to moveon inclines.D better equippedwith laser light senss.
第二十二篇 RealWld Robots When you think of a robot, do you envision ashiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being,perfming humanlike functions, responding to your questions in a monotonevoice accentuated by high-pitched tones beeps? This is the way many of usimagine a robot, but in the real wld, a robot is not humanoid at all. Insteada robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries outrepetitive dangerous functions usually perfmed by humans. Today’s robot is me than an automatic machine that perfms one taskagain again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees ofartificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains acomputer program that tells it how to perfm tasks associated with human intelligence,such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, learning from past experience. A robot does not possess a human shape fthe simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remainingbalanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels axlesthat roll rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel move incombination with ts mots. To find its way in its surroundings1, arobot utilizes various built-in senss. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeteras it moves on an incline, a gyroscope a pendulum inside it senses thevertical differential. To determine its distance from an object how quicklyit will reach the object，the robot bounces beams oflaser light ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These other senss constantly feed infmation to the computer, which then analyzesthe infmation crects adjusts the robot’sactions. As science technology advance, the robot too will progress in itsfunctions use of artificial-intelligence programs. 词汇： envision v. 想象，预想 device n. 装置 accentuate v. 强调，重读 artificial intelligence n. 人工智能 limb n. 臂 antennae n. 天线 incline v. 倾斜 pendulum n. 钟摆 ultrasonic adj. 超声的 metallic adj. 金属的 monotone n. 单调的 humanoid adj. 像人的 axle n. 轮轴 rotate v. 旋转 swivel n. 旋转 teeter v. 摇晃 gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪 vertical n. 直立的 注释： 1.To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路…… 2.the robot bounces beams of laser light ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上(以此来探知路径)。 练习：2.Artificial intelligence isA the unnatural wayin which robots move.B a voiceless,box-shaped machine that perfms repetitive tasks.C senss such asantennae a gyroscope.D a computer programthat imitates human intellectual processes.
共用题干The Robot ManAccording to Hans Moravec,universal robots will take over all the physical activities that we engage in,leaving us with little to do.Moravec sees four generations on the road to true universal robots. The first generation will be here by 2010 and will consist of free-ranging robots that can navigate by building an internal mental map of their surroundings.In new situations they'll be able to adapt,unlike today's mobile industrial robots.These robots will have the computing power to cope with simple speech and text recognition,and will be used for tasks such as domestic clean-ing.The second generation will arrive around 2020 and will be distinguished by the ability to learn .Second generation robots are programmed with sets of primitive tasks and with feedback that provide"pleasure"and"pain"stimuli .For example,a collision provokes a negative response,a completed task would be positive.Move forward another ten years to 2030 and you get to generation three.This robot can build internal simulations of the world around it. Before beginning a task,it can imagine what will happen in order to predict problems.If it has a free moment,it can replay past experiences and try variations in order to find a better way of如ing things next time .It could even observe a person or another robot performing a task and learn by imitation.For the first time,we have here a robot that can think.By the time we get to generation four in 2040,Moravec predicts that robots will be able to: match human reasoning and behaviour;generalise abstract ideas from specific experience;and, conversely,compile detailed plans of action from general commands such as"earn a living"or "make more robots".The Moravec manifesto（宣告）runs something like this. As robots start to become useful in generation one,they'll begin to take on many tasks in industry.Driven by the availability of this cheap and tireless labour force,the economy will boom and the demand for robots will grow so rapidly that they will soon become lowcost commodity items.So much so that they'll move into the home,where the domestic robot will relieve us of many chores.With increasing automation in generations two and three,the length of the average working day will plummet,eventually to near zero. Most people will be unemployed as robots take over not just primary industry,but the service economy too.Moravec sees the fourth generation as an opportunity to surpass our human limitations.These future machines will be our"mind children".Like biological children of previous generations,they will embody humanity's best hope for a long-term future. The word"plummet" in paragraph 6 means______.A: decreaseB:stretchC: extendD: grow
第二十二篇 RealWld Robots When you think of a robot, do you envision ashiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being,perfming humanlike functions, responding to your questions in a monotonevoice accentuated by high-pitched tones beeps? This is the way many of usimagine a robot, but in the real wld, a robot is not humanoid at all. Insteada robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries outrepetitive dangerous functions usually perfmed by humans. Today’s robot is me than an automatic machine that perfms one taskagain again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees ofartificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains acomputer program that tells it how to perfm tasks associated with human intelligence,such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, learning from past experience. A robot does not possess a human shape fthe simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remainingbalanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels axlesthat roll rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel move incombination with ts mots. To find its way in its surroundings1, arobot utilizes various built-in senss. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeteras it moves on an incline, a gyroscope a pendulum inside it senses thevertical differential. To determine its distance from an object how quicklyit will reach the object，the robot bounces beams oflaser light ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These other senss constantly feed infmation to the computer, which then analyzesthe infmation crects adjusts the robot’sactions. As science technology advance, the robot too will progress in itsfunctions use of artificial-intelligence programs. 词汇： envision v. 想象，预想 device n. 装置 accentuate v. 强调，重读 artificial intelligence n. 人工智能 limb n. 臂 antennae n. 天线 incline v. 倾斜 pendulum n. 钟摆 ultrasonic adj. 超声的 metallic adj. 金属的 monotone n. 单调的 humanoid adj. 像人的 axle n. 轮轴 rotate v. 旋转 swivel n. 旋转 teeter v. 摇晃 gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪 vertical n. 直立的 注释： 1.To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路…… 2.the robot bounces beams of laser light ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上(以此来探知路径)。 练习： 4.The writer begins the passage by comparingA the shape of ahuman being with a box.B a modem robot witha fictional robot.C an imaginarymachine with a human.D a computer programwith artificial intelligence.
《第十三篇 Affectionate Androids》 Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoidrobots to dawn1. And it won’t be long befe we will see realistic cyber companions, completewith skin, dexterity, intelligence.They will be programmed to tend to yourevery need. Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligenceresearcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationshipswill become popular in the next few decades. ____1____ Will humans really be able to fm deep emotional attachments tomachines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to fm these strong attachmentsbecause the human mind loves to anthropomphize: to give human attributes toother creatures—even objects. F example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoidrobot in with a toddler playgroup f several months. ____2____The childrenended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because itsbatteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket. In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look feel very real, will people want to fm relationships with them? What if thebots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to bethe perfect companions—soul mates,even? ____3____ And like those toddlers inthe experiment, they will be veryaccepting of them. The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong withhaving an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are peoplewho fm deep attachments to their pets use them as substitutes f friends even children. Few consider that unethical. ____4____ F those who always seem to end upmarrying the wrong man woman, a robotic Mr. Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father ofartificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics oflonely older people fming close relationships with robots: “If a robot hadall the virtues of a person was smarter me understing, why wouldthe elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?” A robot could be programmed to be as dumb smart, as independent subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the bigdisadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to fmequally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfectincomparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you.____5____ People in relationships have to learn to adapt toeach other: toenjoy their common interests to deal with their differences.It makes usricher, stronger, wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However,there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights. 词汇： affectionate adj. 深情的 dexterityn. 灵巧，敏捷 anthropomphize v. 赋于人性，人格化 grumpy adj. 脾气暴躁的 cyber adj. 计算机的 tendv. 照料 bot n. 机器人 subservient adj. 屈从的，奉承的 注释： 1.Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoidrobots to dawn：计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代。 练习： A.It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend. B.But a sophisticated robot will probably be even me attractive. C.And if you want to go ahead tie the knot with your specialelectronic friend，Levy saidthat such marriages will be socially acceptable by around2050. D.However, few owners will program their robots to point out theirflaws. E.Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be ageneration of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a nmal part of life. F.The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face voice recognition， it giggled when tickled.
共用题干第三篇Controlling Robots with the MindBelle,our tiny monkey,was seated in her special chair inside a chamber at our Duke University lab. Her right hand grasped a joystick（操纵杆）as she watched a horizontal series of lights on a display panel.She knew that if a light suddenly shone and she moved the joystick left or right to correspond to its position,she would be sent a drop of fruit juice into her mouth.Belle wore a cap glued to her head.Under it were four plastic connectors,which fed arrays of microwires一each wire finer than the finest sewing thread一into different regions of Belle's motor cortex（脑皮层）,the brain tissue that plans movements and sends instructions. Each of the 100 microwires lay beside a single motor neuron（神经元）.When a neuron produced an electrical discharge,the adjacent microwire would capture the current and send it up through a small wiring bundle that ran from Belle's cap to a box of electronics on a table next to the booth.The box,in turn,was linked to two computers,one next door and the other half a country away.After months of hard work,we were about to test the idea that we could reliably translate the raw electrical activity in a living being's brain一Belle's mere thoughts一into signals that could direct the actions of a robot.We had assembled a multijointed robot arm in this room,away from Belle's view,which she would control for the first time.As soon as Belle's brain sensed a lit spot on the panel,electronics in the box running two real-time mathematical models would rapidly analyze the tiny action potentials produced by her brain cells.Our lab computer would convert the electrical patterns into instructions that would direct the robot arm.Six hundred miles north,in Cambridge,Mass,a different computer would produce the same actions in another robot arm built by Mandayam A. Srinivasan.Ifwe had done everything correctly,the two robot arms would behave as Belle's arm did,at exactly the same time.Finally the moment came.We randomly switched on lights in front of Belle,and she immediately moved her joystick back and forth to correspond to them.Our robot arm moved similarly to Belle's real arm.So did Srinivasan's.Belle and the robots moved in synchrony （同步）,like dancers choreographed（设计舞蹈动作）by the electrical impulses sparking in Belle's mind.In the two years since that day,our labs and several others have advanced neuroscience,computer science and microelectronics to create ways for rats,monkeys and eventually humans to control mechanical and electronic machines purely by"thinking through,"or imagining,the motions.Our immediate goal is to help a person who has been unable to move by a neurological（神经的）disorder or spinal cord（脊髓）injury, but whose motor cortex is spared,to operate a wheelchair or a robotic limb.Which of the following is NOT true of the robot built by Srinivasan?A:It was directed by signals converted from the electrical activity in Belle's brain.B:It converted the electrical patterns into instructions for the other robot.C:It was six hundred miles away from where Belle was.D:It could perform the same function as Belle did.
共用题干第三篇Controlling Robots with the MindBelle,our tiny monkey,was seated in her special chair inside a chamber at our Duke University lab. Her right hand grasped a joystick（操纵杆）as she watched a horizontal series of lights on a display panel.She knew that if a light suddenly shone and she moved the joystick left or right to correspond to its position,she would be sent a drop of fruit juice into her mouth.Belle wore a cap glued to her head.Under it were four plastic connectors,which fed arrays of microwires一each wire finer than the finest sewing thread一into different regions of Belle's motor cortex（脑皮层）,the brain tissue that plans movements and sends instructions. Each of the 100 microwires lay beside a single motor neuron（神经元）.When a neuron produced an electrical discharge,the adjacent microwire would capture the current and send it up through a small wiring bundle that ran from Belle's cap to a box of electronics on a table next to the booth.The box,in turn,was linked to two computers,one next door and the other half a country away.After months of hard work,we were about to test the idea that we could reliably translate the raw electrical activity in a living being's brain一Belle's mere thoughts一into signals that could direct the actions of a robot.We had assembled a multijointed robot arm in this room,away from Belle's view,which she would control for the first time.As soon as Belle's brain sensed a lit spot on the panel,electronics in the box running two real-time mathematical models would rapidly analyze the tiny action potentials produced by her brain cells.Our lab computer would convert the electrical patterns into instructions that would direct the robot arm.Six hundred miles north,in Cambridge,Mass,a different computer would produce the same actions in another robot arm built by Mandayam A. Srinivasan.Ifwe had done everything correctly,the two robot arms would behave as Belle's arm did,at exactly the same time.Finally the moment came.We randomly switched on lights in front of Belle,and she immediately moved her joystick back and forth to correspond to them.Our robot arm moved similarly to Belle's real arm.So did Srinivasan's.Belle and the robots moved in synchrony （同步）,like dancers choreographed（设计舞蹈动作）by the electrical impulses sparking in Belle's mind.In the two years since that day,our labs and several others have advanced neuroscience,computer science and microelectronics to create ways for rats,monkeys and eventually humans to control mechanical and electronic machines purely by"thinking through,"or imagining,the motions.Our immediate goal is to help a person who has been unable to move by a neurological（神经的）disorder or spinal cord（脊髓）injury, but whose motor cortex is spared,to operate a wheelchair or a robotic limb.The short-term goal of the research is to help a personA:whose motor cortex is seriously damaged.B:who can operate a wheelchair but not a robotic limb.C:who has spinal cord injury but is able to move a wheelchair.D:who is unable to move but whose motor cortex is not damaged.
Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.To find out if this extends to non-living beings,Loleh Quinn at the University of California,San Diego,and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat-one social and one asocial一for 5 our days.The robots rats were quite minimalist,resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment,the social robot rat followed the living rats around,played with the same toys,and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape.Meanwhile,the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side Next,the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.Across 18 trials each,the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being.They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing.This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier,and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped,says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We'd assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail,facial features,and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat,but that wasn’t necessary,”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia,who helped with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues,even when they come from basic robots.Similarly,children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings,even when they display only simple social signals.“We humans seem to be fascinated by robots,and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.What did the social robot do during the experiment?A.It followed the social robot.B.It played with some toys.C.It set the trapped rats free.D.It moved around alone.
Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.To find out if this extends to non-living beings,Loleh Quinn at the University of California,San Diego,and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat-one social and one asocial一for 5 our days.The robots rats were quite minimalist,resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment,the social robot rat followed the living rats around,played with the same toys,and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape.Meanwhile,the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side Next,the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.Across 18 trials each,the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being.They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing.This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier,and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped,says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We'd assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail,facial features,and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat,but that wasn’t necessary,”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia,who helped with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues,even when they come from basic robots.Similarly,children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings,even when they display only simple social signals.“We humans seem to be fascinated by robots,and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.James Wiles notes that rats________A.can remember other rat's facial featuresB.differentiate smells better than sizesC.respond more to cations than to looksD.can be scared by a plastic box on wheels
Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.To find out if this extends to non-living beings,Loleh Quinn at the University of California,San Diego,and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat-one social and one asocial一for 5 our days.The robots rats were quite minimalist,resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment,the social robot rat followed the living rats around,played with the same toys,and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape.Meanwhile,the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side Next,the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.Across 18 trials each,the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being.They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing.This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier,and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped,says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We'd assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail,facial features,and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat,but that wasn’t necessary,”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia,who helped with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues,even when they come from basic robots.Similarly,children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings,even when they display only simple social signals.“We humans seem to be fascinated by robots,and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.According to Quinn,the rats released the social robot because they________A.tried to practice a means of escapeB.expected it to do the same in returnC.wanted to display their intelligenceD.considered that an interesting game
Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.To find out if this extends to non-living beings,Loleh Quinn at the University of California,San Diego,and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat-one social and one asocial一for 5 our days.The robots rats were quite minimalist,resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment,the social robot rat followed the living rats around,played with the same toys,and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape.Meanwhile,the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side Next,the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.Across 18 trials each,the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being.They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing.This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier,and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped,says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We'd assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail,facial features,and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat,but that wasn’t necessary,”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia,who helped with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues,even when they come from basic robots.Similarly,children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings,even when they display only simple social signals.“We humans seem to be fascinated by robots,and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can________A.pickup social signals from non-living ratsB.distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile oneC.attain sociable traits through special trainingD.send out warning messages to their fellow
资料：Demystifying how social and human-like robots work is vital so that we can understand and shape how they will affect our future, Dr Hatice Gunes will tell the Hay Festival next week. (1) Fear mongering and myth-making about human-like and social robots is stopping us from engaging with the technology behind them and having an input into how they—and we—evolve, says Hatice Gunes, Associate Professor at University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. (2) Dr Gunes will be speaking about her research at the Hay Festival on 1st June and says we need to move beyond sensationalist portrayals of human-like robot. Her Hay talk will centre on human robot interaction [ HRI] and how it can be used for our benefit, for instance, for helping children with autism learn how to read expressions and to stimulate the senses of elderly people in care. (3) Dr Gunes will outline how HRI works. She says it has to be believable in order to be effective. That means robots’ appearance is very important. This is what has driven the development of humanoid robots with arms and aspects of a human face which can behave in a human-like way, for instance, moving their arms, legs and eyes. However, more important than appearance is their behaviour and emotional expressivity. Dr Gunes refers to the way we relate to Disney’s animated characters. “People believe in them because they can portray emotion,” she says. (4) To achieve expressivity requires an understanding of how human emotions are portrayed and triggered. Scientists have been working on artificial emotional intelligence which enables new technology such as embodied agents and robots to both express and detect emotions, understanding non-verbal cues. Dr Gunes cites the work of Charles Darwin on the visual nature of emotions and how they can be mapped to various changes in facial expressions. (5) Her research investigates how humanoids can be programmed not only to extract and respond to facial clues to emotions, but also to understand the context in which those emotions are expressed. That means they will be able to offer a response that is sensitive to specific contexts. (6) Will robots ever be able to have emotions themselves though? Dr Gunes says there is no reason why not and questions what emotions are. The process of working with robots on artificial emotional intelligence unpicks the nature of our emotions, showing them to be a layering of different goals, experiences and stimuli. (7) Another area which scientists are looking at in their quest to improve humanoids’ believability is personality. Dr Gunes has done a lot of work on personality in telepresence robotics, robots controlled remotely by a human—a kind of 3D avatar. These can be used in many ways, for instance, by medical staff to offer remote home care. The medical person can be based anywhere and operate the robot through a virtual headset. Dr Gunes is interested in how people react to the teleoperator (the human controlling the robot remotely) who is present in robot form. Once again, both the robot’s physical appearance and behaviour are important and research shows that their personality needs to be task dependent. (8) Dr Gunes says there remain some big challenges for scientists working on HRI, including how to process and combine all the different data they are gathering, how to modify their appearance and behaviour dynamically, and how to keep their power going 24/7. The major challenges, however, are to do with breaking down some of the myths and fears people have about humanoids. (9) Part of this is because they don’t understand the benefits humanoid robots can bring and why, for instance, they need to take on a human form and understand emotions. She says humanoids can be positive in terms of increasing trust and engagement among certain groups, such as the elderly; that humans tends to anthropomorphise technology in any event; and that robots can be programmed to be limited to positive emotions that promote altruism. (10) “People tend to love or hate robots, but they don’t really know a lot abouA.To enable robots to serve humans.B.To decrease humans fear about robots.C.To make robots more human-like.D.To equip robots with human emotions.
资料：Demystifying how social and human-like robots work is vital so that we can understand and shape how they will affect our future, Dr Hatice Gunes will tell the Hay Festival next week. (1) Fear mongering and myth-making about human-like and social robots is stopping us from engaging with the technology behind them and having an input into how they—and we—evolve, says Hatice Gunes, Associate Professor at University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. (2) Dr Gunes will be speaking about her research at the Hay Festival on 1st June and says we need to move beyond sensationalist portrayals of human-like robot. Her Hay talk will centre on human robot interaction [ HRI] and how it can be used for our benefit, for instance, for helping children with autism learn how to read expressions and to stimulate the senses of elderly people in care. (3) Dr Gunes will outline how HRI works. She says it has to be believable in order to be effective. That means robots’ appearance is very important. This is what has driven the development of humanoid robots with arms and aspects of a human face which can behave in a human-like way, for instance, moving their arms, legs and eyes. However, more important than appearance is their behaviour and emotional expressivity. Dr Gunes refers to the way we relate to Disney’s animated characters. “People believe in them because they can portray emotion,” she says. (4) To achieve expressivity requires an understanding of how human emotions are portrayed and triggered. Scientists have been working on artificial emotional intelligence which enables new technology such as embodied agents and robots to both express and detect emotions, understanding non-verbal cues. Dr Gunes cites the work of Charles Darwin on the visual nature of emotions and how they can be mapped to various changes in facial expressions. (5) Her research investigates how humanoids can be programmed not only to extract and respond to facial clues to emotions, but also to understand the context in which those emotions are expressed. That means they will be able to offer a response that is sensitive to specific contexts. (6) Will robots ever be able to have emotions themselves though? Dr Gunes says there is no reason why not and questions what emotions are. The process of working with robots on artificial emotional intelligence unpicks the nature of our emotions, showing them to be a layering of different goals, experiences and stimuli. (7) Another area which scientists are looking at in their quest to improve humanoids’ believability is personality. Dr Gunes has done a lot of work on personality in telepresence robotics, robots controlled remotely by a human—a kind of 3D avatar. These can be used in many ways, for instance, by medical staff to offer remote home care. The medical person can be based anywhere and operate the robot through a virtual headset. Dr Gunes is interested in how people react to the teleoperator (the human controlling the robot remotely) who is present in robot form. Once again, both the robot’s physical appearance and behaviour are important and research shows that their personality needs to be task dependent. (8) Dr Gunes says there remain some big challenges for scientists working on HRI, including how to process and combine all the different data they are gathering, how to modify their appearance and behaviour dynamically, and how to keep their power going 24/7. The major challenges, however, are to do with breaking down some of the myths and fears people have about humanoids. (9) Part of this is because they don’t understand the benefits humanoid robots can bring and why, for instance, they need to take on a human form and understand emotions. She says humanoids can be positive in terms of increasing trust and engagement among certain groups, such as the elderly; that humans tends to anthropomorphise technology in any event; and that robots can be programmed to be limited to positive emotions that promote altruism. (10) “People tend to love or hate robots, but they don’t really know a lot abouA.NeutralB.PositiveC.NegativeD.Critical
资料：Demystifying how social and human-like robots work is vital so that we can understand and shape how they will affect our future, Dr Hatice Gunes will tell the Hay Festival next week. (1) Fear mongering and myth-making about human-like and social robots is stopping us from engaging with the technology behind them and having an input into how they—and we—evolve, says Hatice Gunes, Associate Professor at University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. (2) Dr Gunes will be speaking about her research at the Hay Festival on 1st June and says we need to move beyond sensationalist portrayals of human-like robot. Her Hay talk will centre on human robot interaction [ HRI] and how it can be used for our benefit, for instance, for helping children with autism learn how to read expressions and to stimulate the senses of elderly people in care. (3) Dr Gunes will outline how HRI works. She says it has to be believable in order to be effective. That means robots’ appearance is very important. This is what has driven the development of humanoid robots with arms and aspects of a human face which can behave in a human-like way, for instance, moving their arms, legs and eyes. However, more important than appearance is their behaviour and emotional expressivity. Dr Gunes refers to the way we relate to Disney’s animated characters. “People believe in them because they can portray emotion,” she says. (4) To achieve expressivity requires an understanding of how human emotions are portrayed and triggered. Scientists have been working on artificial emotional intelligence which enables new technology such as embodied agents and robots to both express and detect emotions, understanding non-verbal cues. Dr Gunes cites the work of Charles Darwin on the visual nature of emotions and how they can be mapped to various changes in facial expressions. (5) Her research investigates how humanoids can be programmed not only to extract and respond to facial clues to emotions, but also to understand the context in which those emotions are expressed. That means they will be able to offer a response that is sensitive to specific contexts. (6) Will robots ever be able to have emotions themselves though? Dr Gunes says there is no reason why not and questions what emotions are. The process of working with robots on artificial emotional intelligence unpicks the nature of our emotions, showing them to be a layering of different goals, experiences and stimuli. (7) Another area which scientists are looking at in their quest to improve humanoids’ believability is personality. Dr Gunes has done a lot of work on personality in telepresence robotics, robots controlled remotely by a human—a kind of 3D avatar. These can be used in many ways, for instance, by medical staff to offer remote home care. The medical person can be based anywhere and operate the robot through a virtual headset. Dr Gunes is interested in how people react to the teleoperator (the human controlling the robot remotely) who is present in robot form. Once again, both the robot’s physical appearance and behaviour are important and research shows that their personality needs to be task dependent. (8) Dr Gunes says there remain some big challenges for scientists working on HRI, including how to process and combine all the different data they are gathering, how to modify their appearance and behaviour dynamically, and how to keep their power going 24/7. The major challenges, however, are to do with breaking down some of the myths and fears people have about humanoids. (9) Part of this is because they don’t understand the benefits humanoid robots can bring and why, for instance, they need to take on a human form and understand emotions. She says humanoids can be positive in terms of increasing trust and engagement among certain groups, such as the elderly; that humans tends to anthropomorphise technology in any event; and that robots can be programmed to be limited to positive emotions that promote altruism. (10) “People tend to love or hate robots, but they don’t really know a lot abouA.With the development of human robot interaction, robots ae now able to communicate with humans in an effective way.B.Scientists have many challenges in developing robots, such as how to modify their appearance and behavior.C.Human emotions enable robots to win the trust from human, especially the elderly and children.D.It is important to help people understand robots in order to develop robots to human needs.
资料：Demystifying how social and human-like robots work is vital so that we can understand and shape how they will affect our future, Dr Hatice Gunes will tell the Hay Festival next week. (1) Fear mongering and myth-making about human-like and social robots is stopping us from engaging with the technology behind them and having an input into how they—and we—evolve, says Hatice Gunes, Associate Professor at University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. (2) Dr Gunes will be speaking about her research at the Hay Festival on 1st June and says we need to move beyond sensationalist portrayals of human-like robot. Her Hay talk will centre on human robot interaction [ HRI] and how it can be used for our benefit, for instance, for helping children with autism learn how to read expressions and to stimulate the senses of elderly people in care. (3) Dr Gunes will outline how HRI works. She says it has to be believable in order to be effective. That means robots’ appearance is very important. This is what has driven the development of humanoid robots with arms and aspects of a human face which can behave in a human-like way, for instance, moving their arms, legs and eyes. However, more important than appearance is their behaviour and emotional expressivity. Dr Gunes refers to the way we relate to Disney’s animated characters. “People believe in them because they can portray emotion,” she says. (4) To achieve expressivity requires an understanding of how human emotions are portrayed and triggered. Scientists have been working on artificial emotional intelligence which enables new technology such as embodied agents and robots to both express and detect emotions, understanding non-verbal cues. Dr Gunes cites the work of Charles Darwin on the visual nature of emotions and how they can be mapped to various changes in facial expressions. (5) Her research investigates how humanoids can be programmed not only to extract and respond to facial clues to emotions, but also to understand the context in which those emotions are expressed. That means they will be able to offer a response that is sensitive to specific contexts. (6) Will robots ever be able to have emotions themselves though? Dr Gunes says there is no reason why not and questions what emotions are. The process of working with robots on artificial emotional intelligence unpicks the nature of our emotions, showing them to be a layering of different goals, experiences and stimuli. (7) Another area which scientists are looking at in their quest to improve humanoids’ believability is personality. Dr Gunes has done a lot of work on personality in telepresence robotics, robots controlled remotely by a human—a kind of 3D avatar. These can be used in many ways, for instance, by medical staff to offer remote home care. The medical person can be based anywhere and operate the robot through a virtual headset. Dr Gunes is interested in how people react to the teleoperator (the human controlling the robot remotely) who is present in robot form. Once again, both the robot’s physical appearance and behaviour are important and research shows that their personality needs to be task dependent. (8) Dr Gunes says there remain some big challenges for scientists working on HRI, including how to process and combine all the different data they are gathering, how to modify their appearance and behaviour dynamically, and how to keep their power going 24/7. The major challenges, however, are to do with breaking down some of the myths and fears people have about humanoids. (9) Part of this is because they don’t understand the benefits humanoid robots can bring and why, for instance, they need to take on a human form and understand emotions. She says humanoids can be positive in terms of increasing trust and engagement among certain groups, such as the elderly; that humans tends to anthropomorphise technology in any event; and that robots can be programmed to be limited to positive emotions that promote altruism. (10) “People tend to love or hate robots, but they don’t really know a lot abouA.it is not meaningful for robots to have the appearance of humanB.people who make the appearance of robots very human-like should be blamedC.people need to pay more attention to the development of robots’functionsD.the appearance of robots has become more and more emotional
（）can be used for carrying goods to the pointed place automatically.A、Automatic beltB、Automatic conveyorC、Automatic Guided VehicleD、Robot
问答题机器人（robot）这一名称最早来源于哪里？