单选题Part of the reason for the change in focus from economics to a more multifaceted approach to the psychological effects on doing work was __________.Adue to the recognition that workers should be happy at work to maintain high productivityBa general conclusion that pay was sometimes not the most important factorCbecause the Hawthorne study continued for so longDbecause the workers requested it
单选题
Part of the reason for the change in focus from economics to a more multifaceted approach to the psychological effects on doing work was __________.
A
due to the recognition that workers should be happy at work to maintain high productivity
B
a general conclusion that pay was sometimes not the most important factor
C
because the Hawthorne study continued for so long
D
because the workers requested it
参考解析
解析：
本题是推断题。第二段倒数第二句提到：总体上，研究人员从他们的试验中总结出经济上的激励(薪水)不是生产力的唯一源泉；在某些情况下，甚至不是最重要的源泉。由此可推断出人们关注的重点已经不是经济方面，而是工作时的心理影响等更多方面，所以答案为B。
本题是推断题。第二段倒数第二句提到：总体上，研究人员从他们的试验中总结出经济上的激励(薪水)不是生产力的唯一源泉；在某些情况下，甚至不是最重要的源泉。由此可推断出人们关注的重点已经不是经济方面，而是工作时的心理影响等更多方面，所以答案为B。
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Five years ago, David Smith wore an expensive suit to work every day． "I was a clothes addict," he jokes． "I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled．" Today David wears casual clothes--khaki pants and a sports shirt to the office． He hardly ever wears a necktie． "I'm working harder than ever," David says, "and I need to feel comfortable．" More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to work． In the United States, the changes from formal to casual office wear have been slow． In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their workers to wear casual clothes on Friday (but only on Friday)． This became known as "dress-down Friday" or "casual Friday"． "What started out as an extra one-day-a-week benefit for workers has really become an everyday thing．" said business adviser Maisly Jones． Why have so many companies started allowing their workers to wear casual clothes' One reason is that it's easier for a company to attract new workers if it has a casual dress code． "A lot of young people don't want to dress up for work," says the owner of a software company, "so it's hard to hire people if you have a conservative dress code．" Another reason is that people seem happier and more productive when they are wearing comfortable clothes． In a study made by Levi Strauss and Company, 85 percent of employers said that casual dress has a side effect on work． Supporters of casual office wear also say that a casual dress code helps them save money． "Suits are expensive, if you have to wear one every day," one person said． "For the same amount of money, you can buy a lot more casual clothes．" According to this passage, which of the following is FALSE? ( )A. Many workers don't like a conservative dress code．B. Comfortable clothes make workers more productive．C. A casual clothes code is welcomed by young workers．D. All the employers in the U．S． are for casual office wear．
Five years ago, David Smith wore an expensive suit to work every day． "I was a clothes addict," he jokes． "I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled．" Today David wears casual clothes--khaki pants and a sports shirt to the office． He hardly ever wears a necktie． "I'm working harder than ever," David says, "and I need to feel comfortable．" More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to work． In the United States, the changes from formal to casual office wear have been slow． In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their workers to wear casual clothes on Friday (but only on Friday)． This became known as "dress-down Friday" or "casual Friday"． "What started out as an extra one-day-a-week benefit for workers has really become an everyday thing．" said business adviser Maisly Jones． Why have so many companies started allowing their workers to wear casual clothes' One reason is that it's easier for a company to attract new workers if it has a casual dress code． "A lot of young people don't want to dress up for work," says the owner of a software company, "so it's hard to hire people if you have a conservative dress code．" Another reason is that people seem happier and more productive when they are wearing comfortable clothes． In a study made by Levi Strauss and Company, 85 percent of employers said that casual dress has a side effect on work． Supporters of casual office wear also say that a casual dress code helps them save money． "Suits are expensive, if you have to wear one every day," one person said． "For the same amount of money, you can buy a lot more casual clothes．"In this passage, the following advantages of casual office wear are mentioned EXCEPT． ( ) A. saving worker's moneyB. making workers more attractiveC. improving worker's feelingD. making workers happier
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People are indulging in an illusion whenever they find themselves explaining at a cocktail（鸡尾酒）party,say,that they are"in computers,"or"in telecommunications,"or"in electronic funds transfer".The implication is that they are part of the high-tech world.Just between US,they usually aren't.The researchers who made fundamental breakthroughs in those areas are in a high-tech business.The rest of us are（ ）of their work.We use computers and other new technology components to develop our products or to organize our affairs.Because we go about this work in teams and projects and other tightly knit working groups（紧密联系在一起的工作小组）,we are mostly in the human communication business.Our successes stem from good human interactions by all participants in the effort,and our failures stem from poor human interactions.The main reason we tend to focus on the（ ）rather than the human side of the work is not because it's more（ ）,but because it's easier to do.Getting the new disk drive installed is positively trivial compared to figuring out why Horace is in a blue funk（恐惧）or why Susan is dissatisfied with the company after only a few months.Human interactions are complicated and never very crisp（干脆的,干净利落的）and clean in their effects,but they matter more than any other aspect of the work.If you find yourself concentrating on the（ ）rather than the（请作答此空）,you're like the vaudeville character（杂耍人物）who loses his keys on a dark street and looks for them on the adjacent street because,as he explains,"The light is better there!".A.technologyB.sociologyC.physiologyD.astronomy
Read the following:1．Needed:Full time secretary position available．Applicants should have at least 2 years experience and be able to type 60 words a minute．No computer skills required．Apply in person at United Business Ltd.,17 Browning Street.2．Are you looking for a part time job?We require 3 part time shop assistants to work during the evening．No experience required,applicants should between 18 and 26．Call 366-76564 for more information.3．Computer trained secretaries:Do you have experience working with computers?Would you like a full time position working in an exciting new company?If your answer is yes,give us a call at 565-987-7832.4．Teacher Needed:Tommy's Kindergarten needs 2 teacher/trainers to help with classes from 9 a.m．to 3 p.m．Applicants should have appropriate licenses．For more information visit Tommy's Kindergarten in Leicester Square No．56.5．Part Time work available:We are looking for retired adults who would like to work part time at the weekend．Responsibilities include answering the telephone and giving customer's information．For more information contact us by calling 897-980-7654.6．University positions open:The University of Cumberland is looking for 4 teaching assistants to help with homework correction．Applicants should have a degree in one of the following:Political Science,Religion,Economics or History．Please contact the University of Cumberland for more information.If someone is retired and only wants to work at weekends with easy responsibilities like answering the telephone,where he or she should call to get more information for the position?A.565-366-7654B.565-987-7832C.366-76564D.897-980-7654
Text 4 To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work:Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World,recommends building a habit of“deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a“journalistic”approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day.Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends“deep scheduling”to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“At any given point,I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctor’s appointment or important meeting”,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford,author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy.we also need to embrace downtime,or as Newport suggests,“be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body...[idleness]is,paradoxically,necessary to getting any work done,”he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”.says Pillay.The key to mastering the art of deep work is to________.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work
Text 4 To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work:Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World,recommends building a habit of“deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a“journalistic”approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day.Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends“deep scheduling”to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“At any given point,I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctor’s appointment or important meeting”,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford,author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy.we also need to embrace downtime,or as Newport suggests,“be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body...[idleness]is,paradoxically,necessary to getting any work done,”he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”.says Pillay.Pillay believes that our brains’shift between being focused and unfocused_______.A.can result in psychological well-beingB.can bring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency
共用题干第一篇Shift Work Link to Increased Risk of Heart ProblemsShift workers are slightly more at risk of having a heart attack or stroke than day workers,research suggests.An analysis of studies involving more than 2 million workers in the British Medical Journal said shift work can disrupt the body clock and have a negative effect on lifestyle.It has previously been linked to an increased risk of high blood pressure and diabetes.Limiting night shifts would help workers cope,experts said.The team of researchers from Canada and Norway analyzed 34 studies.In total,there were 17,359 coronary events of some kind,including cardiac arrests,6,598 heart attacks and 1,854 strokes caused by lack of blood to the brain.These events were more common in shift workers than in other people.The BMJ study calculated that shift work was linked to a 23%increased risk of heart attack,24% increased risk of coronary event and 5%increased risk of stroke.But they also said shift work was not linked to increased mortality rates from heart problems and that the relative risks associated with heart problems were"modest".Dan Hackam,associate professor at Western University,London, Ontario in Canada,said shift workers were more prone to sleeping and eating badly."Night shift workers are up all the time and they don't have a defined rest period.They are in a state of perpetual nervous system activation which is bad for things like obesity and cholesterol,"he said.The authors say that screening programs could help identify and treat risk factors for shift workers,such as high blood pressure and cholesterol levels.They add that shift workers could also be educated about what symptoms to look out for,which might indicate early heart problems.Jane White,research and information services manager at the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health,said there were complex issues surrounding shift work."It can result in disturbed appetite and digestion,reliance on sedatives and/or stimulants,as well as social and domestic problems."These can affect performance,increase the likelihood of errors and accidents at work,and even have a negative effect on health.She said the effects of shift work needed to be well managed."Avoiding permanent night shifts,limiting shifts to a maximum of 12 hours and ensuring workers have a minimum of two full nights'sleep between day and night shifts are simple,practical solutions that can help people to cope with shift work."From Paragraph Six it can be inferred that_________.A:shift workers have no good food to eatB:shift workers don't know how to define rest periodC:a worker of high cholesterol level is likely to suffer more from shift workD:shift workers have no place to sleep comfortably
共用题干第一篇Shift Work Link to Increased Risk of Heart ProblemsShift workers are slightly more at risk of having a heart attack or stroke than day workers,research suggests.An analysis of studies involving more than 2 million workers in the British Medical Journal said shift work can disrupt the body clock and have a negative effect on lifestyle.It has previously been linked to an increased risk of high blood pressure and diabetes.Limiting night shifts would help workers cope,experts said.The team of researchers from Canada and Norway analyzed 34 studies.In total,there were 17,359 coronary events of some kind,including cardiac arrests,6,598 heart attacks and 1,854 strokes caused by lack of blood to the brain.These events were more common in shift workers than in other people.The BMJ study calculated that shift work was linked to a 23%increased risk of heart attack,24% increased risk of coronary event and 5%increased risk of stroke.But they also said shift work was not linked to increased mortality rates from heart problems and that the relative risks associated with heart problems were"modest".Dan Hackam,associate professor at Western University,London, Ontario in Canada,said shift workers were more prone to sleeping and eating badly."Night shift workers are up all the time and they don't have a defined rest period.They are in a state of perpetual nervous system activation which is bad for things like obesity and cholesterol,"he said.The authors say that screening programs could help identify and treat risk factors for shift workers,such as high blood pressure and cholesterol levels.They add that shift workers could also be educated about what symptoms to look out for,which might indicate early heart problems.Jane White,research and information services manager at the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health,said there were complex issues surrounding shift work."It can result in disturbed appetite and digestion,reliance on sedatives and/or stimulants,as well as social and domestic problems."These can affect performance,increase the likelihood of errors and accidents at work,and even have a negative effect on health.She said the effects of shift work needed to be well managed."Avoiding permanent night shifts,limiting shifts to a maximum of 12 hours and ensuring workers have a minimum of two full nights'sleep between day and night shifts are simple,practical solutions that can help people to cope with shift work."Where can we probably see this article?A:On an issue of newspaper. B:On a magazine on health.C:On a textbook.D:On a sports magazine.
共用题干第一篇Shift Work Link to Increased Risk of Heart ProblemsShift workers are slightly more at risk of having a heart attack or stroke than day workers,research suggests.An analysis of studies involving more than 2 million workers in the British Medical Journal said shift work can disrupt the body clock and have a negative effect on lifestyle.It has previously been linked to an increased risk of high blood pressure and diabetes.Limiting night shifts would help workers cope,experts said.The team of researchers from Canada and Norway analyzed 34 studies.In total,there were 17,359 coronary events of some kind,including cardiac arrests,6,598 heart attacks and 1,854 strokes caused by lack of blood to the brain.These events were more common in shift workers than in other people.The BMJ study calculated that shift work was linked to a 23%increased risk of heart attack,24% increased risk of coronary event and 5%increased risk of stroke.But they also said shift work was not linked to increased mortality rates from heart problems and that the relative risks associated with heart problems were"modest".Dan Hackam,associate professor at Western University,London, Ontario in Canada,said shift workers were more prone to sleeping and eating badly."Night shift workers are up all the time and they don't have a defined rest period.They are in a state of perpetual nervous system activation which is bad for things like obesity and cholesterol,"he said.The authors say that screening programs could help identify and treat risk factors for shift workers,such as high blood pressure and cholesterol levels.They add that shift workers could also be educated about what symptoms to look out for,which might indicate early heart problems.Jane White,research and information services manager at the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health,said there were complex issues surrounding shift work."It can result in disturbed appetite and digestion,reliance on sedatives and/or stimulants,as well as social and domestic problems."These can affect performance,increase the likelihood of errors and accidents at work,and even have a negative effect on health.She said the effects of shift work needed to be well managed."Avoiding permanent night shifts,limiting shifts to a maximum of 12 hours and ensuring workers have a minimum of two full nights'sleep between day and night shifts are simple,practical solutions that can help people to cope with shift work."According to the passage,which of the following statements is NOT true?A:Shift workers are in great danger of having a heart attack than day workers.B:Shift workers with obesity and cholesterol should not work on too many night shifts.C:It's good for workers if they can limit shifts to a maximum of 1 2 hours.D:Shift work can in some ways change the way people live their normal life.
共用题干第一篇Shift Work Link to Increased Risk of Heart ProblemsShift workers are slightly more at risk of having a heart attack or stroke than day workers,research suggests.An analysis of studies involving more than 2 million workers in the British Medical Journal said shift work can disrupt the body clock and have a negative effect on lifestyle.It has previously been linked to an increased risk of high blood pressure and diabetes.Limiting night shifts would help workers cope,experts said.The team of researchers from Canada and Norway analyzed 34 studies.In total,there were 17,359 coronary events of some kind,including cardiac arrests,6,598 heart attacks and 1,854 strokes caused by lack of blood to the brain.These events were more common in shift workers than in other people.The BMJ study calculated that shift work was linked to a 23%increased risk of heart attack,24% increased risk of coronary event and 5%increased risk of stroke.But they also said shift work was not linked to increased mortality rates from heart problems and that the relative risks associated with heart problems were"modest".Dan Hackam,associate professor at Western University,London, Ontario in Canada,said shift workers were more prone to sleeping and eating badly."Night shift workers are up all the time and they don't have a defined rest period.They are in a state of perpetual nervous system activation which is bad for things like obesity and cholesterol,"he said.The authors say that screening programs could help identify and treat risk factors for shift workers,such as high blood pressure and cholesterol levels.They add that shift workers could also be educated about what symptoms to look out for,which might indicate early heart problems.Jane White,research and information services manager at the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health,said there were complex issues surrounding shift work."It can result in disturbed appetite and digestion,reliance on sedatives and/or stimulants,as well as social and domestic problems."These can affect performance,increase the likelihood of errors and accidents at work,and even have a negative effect on health.She said the effects of shift work needed to be well managed."Avoiding permanent night shifts,limiting shifts to a maximum of 12 hours and ensuring workers have a minimum of two full nights'sleep between day and night shifts are simple,practical solutions that can help people to cope with shift work."The following are complex issues resulting from shift work except__________.A:disturbed appetite and digestionB:dependence on sedatives and/or stimulantsC:problems related to social and family communicationD:stomach cancer
共用题干第一篇Shift Work Link to Increased Risk of Heart ProblemsShift workers are slightly more at risk of having a heart attack or stroke than day workers,research suggests.An analysis of studies involving more than 2 million workers in the British Medical Journal said shift work can disrupt the body clock and have a negative effect on lifestyle.It has previously been linked to an increased risk of high blood pressure and diabetes.Limiting night shifts would help workers cope,experts said.The team of researchers from Canada and Norway analyzed 34 studies.In total,there were 17,359 coronary events of some kind,including cardiac arrests,6,598 heart attacks and 1,854 strokes caused by lack of blood to the brain.These events were more common in shift workers than in other people.The BMJ study calculated that shift work was linked to a 23%increased risk of heart attack,24% increased risk of coronary event and 5%increased risk of stroke.But they also said shift work was not linked to increased mortality rates from heart problems and that the relative risks associated with heart problems were"modest".Dan Hackam,associate professor at Western University,London, Ontario in Canada,said shift workers were more prone to sleeping and eating badly."Night shift workers are up all the time and they don't have a defined rest period.They are in a state of perpetual nervous system activation which is bad for things like obesity and cholesterol,"he said.The authors say that screening programs could help identify and treat risk factors for shift workers,such as high blood pressure and cholesterol levels.They add that shift workers could also be educated about what symptoms to look out for,which might indicate early heart problems.Jane White,research and information services manager at the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health,said there were complex issues surrounding shift work."It can result in disturbed appetite and digestion,reliance on sedatives and/or stimulants,as well as social and domestic problems."These can affect performance,increase the likelihood of errors and accidents at work,and even have a negative effect on health.She said the effects of shift work needed to be well managed."Avoiding permanent night shifts,limiting shifts to a maximum of 12 hours and ensuring workers have a minimum of two full nights'sleep between day and night shifts are simple,practical solutions that can help people to cope with shift work."The underlined word"disrupt"in Paragraph Two can be replaced by_______.A:preventB:controlC:cut offD:throw into disorder
单选题What is the writer’s comment on park rangers work?AThey are slack in their work.BThey should make more efforts.CThey are devoted to their work.DThey need to reorganize their work.
单选题Some people think_______ you change your mind, the less likely you are to focus your attention on your work.Amore frequentBmost frequentlyCthe most frequentDthe more frequently
单选题Which of the following best states the main point of the text?AThe approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.BTraditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.CAreas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of ~little interest to traditional historians.DThe psychological assessment of an individual’s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.
单选题Which of the following is NOT true about the Hawthorne study?AIt was the first documented evidence of the psychological effects on doing work.BThe Hawthorne study continued for five years.CThey found that the workers responded not to the level of lighting but to the fact that other work conditions were not favorable.DThe study changed the focus from economics to a multifaceted approach.
单选题With the increased use of high-tech communications equipment, business people _____.Ahave to get familiar with modern technologyBare gaining more economic benefit from domestic operationsCare attaching more importance to their overseas businessDare eager to work overseas
单选题What is the passage primarily about?AThe first widely published development in modem motivation theory.BShifting the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach.CThe importance of careful research.DThe results of a pioneering study at Western Electric.
单选题According to the passage, it can be concluded that a “multifaceted approach” to human motivation in the workplace to __________.Aexclude economicsBlead to greater productivityCexclude physical conditionsDfocus mainly on psychological and social forces
单选题Robots ______ more heavy work for us in the future.Awill doBdidChave doneDwere doing