单选题Passage 2As regards social conventions，we must say a word about the wel-known English class system. This is an embarassing subject for English people，and one they tend to be ashamed of，though during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less，and the class system less rigid. But it still exists below the surface. Broadly speaking，it means there are two clases，themiddle classand theworking class”.（We shall ignore for a moment the old“upper class，including the hereditary aristocracy，since it is extremely small in numbers；but some of its members have the right to sit in the House of Lords，and some newspapers take surprising interest in their private life.）The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and professional people of all kinds. The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent. Middle-class people use slightly varying kinds ofreceived pronunciationwhich is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers and taught to overseas pupils. Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated. One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the two-class education system. To have been to a so-called public schoolimmediately marks you out as one of the middle class. The middle classes tend to live a more formal life than working-class people, and are usually more cultured. Their midday meal is lunchand they have a rather formal evening meal called dinner, whereas the working man's dinner, if his working hours permit, is at midday, and his smaller, late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said, however, the class system is much less rigid than it was, and for a long time it has been government policy to reduce class distinctions. Working-class students very commonly receive a university education and enter the professions, and working-class incomes have grown so much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear. However, regardless of one's social status, certain standards of politeness are expected of everybody, and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets, and treats a laborer with the same respect he gives an important businessman. Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike. Even the wordsir, except in school and in certain occupations(e.g. commerce, the army, etc.) sounds too servile to be commonly used.Why isn't the word “sir”commonly used in Britain？ABecause it sounds too servile and is likely to cause embarrassment.BBecause it can only be used in some certain occupations.CBecause it is an impolite word.DBecause it shows that the speaker is not well-bred person.
单选题
Passage 2As regards social conventions，we must say a word about the wel-known English class system. This is an embarassing subject for English people，and one they tend to be ashamed of，though during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less，and the class system less rigid. But it still exists below the surface. Broadly speaking，it means there are two clases，themiddle classand theworking class”.（We shall ignore for a moment the old“upper class，including the hereditary aristocracy，since it is extremely small in numbers；but some of its members have the right to sit in the House of Lords，and some newspapers take surprising interest in their private life.）The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and professional people of all kinds. The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent. Middle-class people use slightly varying kinds ofreceived pronunciationwhich is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers and taught to overseas pupils. Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated. One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the two-class education system. To have been to a so-called public schoolimmediately marks you out as one of the middle class. The middle classes tend to live a more formal life than working-class people, and are usually more cultured. Their midday meal is lunchand they have a rather formal evening meal called dinner, whereas the working man's dinner, if his working hours permit, is at midday, and his smaller, late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said, however, the class system is much less rigid than it was, and for a long time it has been government policy to reduce class distinctions. Working-class students very commonly receive a university education and enter the professions, and working-class incomes have grown so much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear. However, regardless of one's social status, certain standards of politeness are expected of everybody, and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets, and treats a laborer with the same respect he gives an important businessman. Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike. Even the wordsir, except in school and in certain occupations(e.g. commerce, the army, etc.) sounds too servile to be commonly used.Why isn't the word “sir”commonly used in Britain？
A
Because it sounds too servile and is likely to cause embarrassment.
B
Because it can only be used in some certain occupations.
C
Because it is an impolite word.
D
Because it shows that the speaker is not well-bred person.
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Which of the following statements about Black English is untrue? A Black English is an ethnic variety of the English language.B Black English is one of the official languages of America.C Black English has some vocabulary of its own.D Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological, morphological and syn-tactic systems.
You asked me to tell you about culture shock for an Iranian in Britain.There is culture shock in a sense.One of the things was that when you talk to people in Iran, you can comfortably ask how much people earn and which religion they are.I found this very difficult with English people.They don' t tell you, they look away or they somehow get around the question.I didn' t understand why.I mean, I still don' t understand why people are uncomfortable answering that sort of question.In Iran, it's no problem, there' s no problem in asking anybody It’ s not rude at all.I had that confirmed to me when in one of my English classes my teacher told me not to talk to English people about three things politics, religion and money.(判断正误)26.People in Iran are not happy to talk about their salary or their religion.()27.People in England try to avoid personal questions.()28.In Iran, it's rude to ask questions about salary and religion()29.The writer was advised to avoid talking to English people about politics, religion and money.()30.The main idea of the passage is culture shock.()
Interviewer-------- Why is English so important?David------- Well, English is so important primarily because so many people speak it and use it, so it has now become the lingua franca in the world in a way that we’ve never seen before. We’ve never had a world language of this kind before. So people are learning it not just to be able tocommunicate with native speakers, but also with speakers of other language around world.Interviewer-------And why has it become that dominant language?David------I think the reason for that is actually very complicated, although in the twentieth century, we can just see that it’s the rise of the US military and consumer power. I mean the technology, all the big developments in technology largely came from the US. So all of these developments actually were produced within the English language, and people had to learn English in order to understand them, or to benefit from them. The Internet is only one example of that kind. Once a language has got into that position of dominance, it’s actually very different to shift it. So we could be seeing the emergence of other big languages in the world becoming more important than they have been, like Spanish, but it’s unlikely that they’re going to shift the English from its position of dominance.36. English is important, according to David, __________________________. A). because it has become a world language B). because so many people speak and use it C). because a lot of people are learning it D). because it is the lingua franca37. English has become the dominant language in the world________________________. A). because it has always been the way B). for a reason that is very complicated C). only in the 20th century D). for no reasons38. English became the dominant language in the 20th century_________________________. A). in the USAB). because of the increase in American consumer powerC). because developments in technology came mainly from USA. D). all over the world.39. People had to learn English______________________.A). because developments in technology were made by English speakers B). because they needed to understand the new developments in technology C). to use the InternetD). to speak with native Americans40. David thinks that__________________________.A). it will be easy for another language to become dominant B). English will not always be the dominant languageC). it will not be easy for another language to become dominant D). English will be the dominant language
For any Englishman there can never be any discussion as to who is the world's greatest writer. Only one name can possibly suggest itself to him：that of William Shakespeare.Every Englishman has some knowledge of his work. All of us use words and phrases from Shakespeare's writings that have become a part of the English-speaking people.Shakespeare, more perhaps than any other writer, made full use of the English language. Most of us use about five thousand words in our normal employment of English; Shakespeare in his works used about twenty-five thousand!There is probably no better way for a foreigner (or an Englishman!) to appreciate the richness and variety of the English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare uses it. Such a study is well worth the effort (it is not, of course, recommended to beginners), even though some aspects of English usage, and the meaning of many words, have changed since Shakespeare's day.1). From the first two sentences of the passage we can conclude that ________.A. it can't be discussed about who is the world's greatest dramatistB. Shakespeare is regarded as the greatest writerC. Englishmen like to discuss about who is the world's greatest writerD. it can't be discussed about who is the world's greatest poet2). According to the passage many English words and phrases that we use today are from _____.A. EnglishmenB. English speaking peopleC. Shakespeare's worksD. ancient people3). To learn the richness of the English language, people should ______.A. write and read moreB. be glad to be a foreignerC. learn from an English manD. read Shakespeare's plays4). The author does not suggest beginners reading Shakespeare's plays probably because _____.A. only Englishmen can understand his playsB. some of English usage and the meaning of many words have changedC. the works are too difficult for a beginnerD. the works are for native speakers5). In this passage the author wants to _______.A. tell how great a writer Shakespeare isB. tell that some aspects of English usage have changed since Shakespeare's dayC. tell that some English words are out of use nowD. show the richness of English language
According to the author, the reason why we go wrong about our friends is that ______.A)we fall to listen carefully when they talkB)people tend to be annoyed when we cheek what they sayC) people usually state one thing hut means anotherD)we tend to doubt what our friends say
One of the few things you ___ say about English people with certainty is that they talk a lot about the weather.A. need B. must C. shouldD. can
Passage FiveIn order to learn a foreign language well, it is necessary to overcome the fear of making mistakes. If the primary goal (目标) of language use is communication (交际), then mistakes are secondary considerations that may be dealt with gradually. On the other hand, students should not ignore their mistakes. The language learner may observe how native speakers express themselves, and how native expressions differ from the way the learner might say them. For example, a Spanish speaker who has been saying "I do it" to express willingness to do something in the immediate future, could, by communicating with native speakers of English, observe that native speakers actually say "I'll do it". The result can serve as a basis for the student to change his way of using the present tense in English. But a student who is unwilling to communicate in the first place would lose this opportunity to learn by trial and error.52. According to the passage, the present tense in English is ______.A. not used to express one's readiness to do something in the immediate futureB. used with some verbs but not with others to express future intentionC. basically the same in English as it is in SpanishD. not the most difficult problem for foreign students
Passage 1As regards social conventions,we must say a word about the well-known English class system.This is an embarrassing subject for English people,and one they tend to be ashamed of,though?during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less,and the class system less?rigid.But it still exists below the surface.Broadly speaking,it means there are two classes,the"middle class"and the"working class".(We shall ignore for a moment the old"upper class",including the hereditary aristocracy,since it is extremely small in numbers;but some of its members?have the right to sit in the House of Lords,and some newspapers take surprising interest in their?private life.)The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and professional people of?all kinds.The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent.Middle-class people use slightly?varying kinds of"received pronunciation"which is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers?and taught to overseas pupils.Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents?which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated.One of the biggest barriers of social?equality in England is the two-class education system.To have been to a so-called"public school"immediately marks you out as one of the middle class.The middle classes tend to live a more formal?life than working-class people,and are usually more cultured.Their midday meal is"lunch"and?they have a rather formal evening meal called"dinner",whereas the working man′s dinner,if his?working hours permit,is at midday,and his smaller,late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said,however,the class system is much less rigid than it was,and for a long time it?has been government policy to reduce class distinctions.Working-class students very commonly?receive a university education and enter the professions,and working-class incomes have grown so?much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear.However,regardless of one′s social status,certain standards of politeness are expected of?everybody,and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets,and treats a laborer with the same?respect he gives an important businessman.Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike.Even?the word"sir",except in school and in certain occupations(e.g.commerce,the army,etc.)sounds?too servile to be commonly used.The middle class mainly refers to people__________.查看材料A.who were born as aristocratB.who have the right to sit in the House of LordsC.who speak in many different local accentsD.who are prosperous businessmen or who work in some professions
设计任务：请阅读下面学生信息和语言素材.设计一个25分钟的阅读训练活动。 教案没有固定格式.但须包含下列要点： teaching objectives teaching contents key and difficult points major steps and time allocation activities and justifications 教学时间：25分钟 学生概况：某城镇普通中学高中一年级学生，班级人数40人。多数学生已经达到《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》五级水平。学生课堂参与积极性一般。 语言素材： The Road to Modern English At the end of the 16th century, above five to seven million people spoke English. Nearly all of them lived in England. Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries. Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English. Look at this example: British Betty: Would you like to see my flat American Amy: Yes, I'd like to come up to your apartment. So why has English changed over time Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. At first, the English language spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today. It was based more on German than the English we speak at present. Then gradually between about AD 800 and1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. So by the 1600s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 some British settlers moved to America. Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia too. English began to speak in both countries. Finally by the 19th century the language was settled. At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of English language. The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling. English now is also 'spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia. For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947. During that time English became the language for government and education. English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa. Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners. Will Chinese English develop its own identity Only time will tell.
Passage 1As regards social conventions,we must say a word about the well-known English class system.This is an embarrassing subject for English people,and one they tend to be ashamed of,though?during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less,and the class system less?rigid.But it still exists below the surface.Broadly speaking,it means there are two classes,the"middle class"and the"working class".(We shall ignore for a moment the old"upper class",including the hereditary aristocracy,since it is extremely small in numbers;but some of its members?have the right to sit in the House of Lords,and some newspapers take surprising interest in their?private life.)The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and professional people of?all kinds.The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent.Middle-class people use slightly?varying kinds of"received pronunciation"which is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers?and taught to overseas pupils.Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents?which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated.One of the biggest barriers of social?equality in England is the two-class education system.To have been to a so-called"public school"immediately marks you out as one of the middle class.The middle classes tend to live a more formal?life than working-class people,and are usually more cultured.Their midday meal is"lunch"and?they have a rather formal evening meal called"dinner",whereas the working man′s dinner,if his?working hours permit,is at midday,and his smaller,late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said,however,the class system is much less rigid than it was,and for a long time it?has been government policy to reduce class distinctions.Working-class students very commonly?receive a university education and enter the professions,and working-class incomes have grown so?much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear.However,regardless of one′s social status,certain standards of politeness are expected of?everybody,and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets,and treats a laborer with the same?respect he gives an important businessman.Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike.Even?the word"sir",except in school and in certain occupations(e.g.commerce,the army,etc.)sounds?too servile to be commonly used.The most obvious difference between the working class and the middle class in English is?their__________.查看材料A.dressB.workC.accentD.meal
Passage 1As regards social conventions,we must say a word about the well-known English class system.This is an embarrassing subject for English people,and one they tend to be ashamed of,though?during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less,and the class system less?rigid.But it still exists below the surface.Broadly speaking,it means there are two classes,the"middle class"and the"working class".(We shall ignore for a moment the old"upper class",including the hereditary aristocracy,since it is extremely small in numbers;but some of its members?have the right to sit in the House of Lords,and some newspapers take surprising interest in their?private life.)The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and professional people of?all kinds.The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent.Middle-class people use slightly?varying kinds of"received pronunciation"which is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers?and taught to overseas pupils.Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents?which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated.One of the biggest barriers of social?equality in England is the two-class education system.To have been to a so-called"public school"immediately marks you out as one of the middle class.The middle classes tend to live a more formal?life than working-class people,and are usually more cultured.Their midday meal is"lunch"and?they have a rather formal evening meal called"dinner",whereas the working man′s dinner,if his?working hours permit,is at midday,and his smaller,late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said,however,the class system is much less rigid than it was,and for a long time it?has been government policy to reduce class distinctions.Working-class students very commonly?receive a university education and enter the professions,and working-class incomes have grown so?much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear.However,regardless of one′s social status,certain standards of politeness are expected of?everybody,and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets,and treats a laborer with the same?respect he gives an important businessman.Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike.Even?the word"sir",except in school and in certain occupations(e.g.commerce,the army,etc.)sounds?too servile to be commonly used.The"upper class"in England today__________.查看材料A.are extremely small in number so that media pays no attention to themB.still use old words like Sir in their everyday lifeC.include the hereditary aristocracyD.refer only to the royal family
Passage 1As regards social conventions,we must say a word about the well-known English class system.This is an embarrassing subject for English people,and one they tend to be ashamed of,though?during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less,and the class system less?rigid.But it still exists below the surface.Broadly speaking,it means there are two classes,the"middle class"and the"working class".(We shall ignore for a moment the old"upper class",including the hereditary aristocracy,since it is extremely small in numbers;but some of its members?have the right to sit in the House of Lords,and some newspapers take surprising interest in their?private life.)The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and professional people of?all kinds.The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent.Middle-class people use slightly?varying kinds of"received pronunciation"which is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers?and taught to overseas pupils.Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents?which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated.One of the biggest barriers of social?equality in England is the two-class education system.To have been to a so-called"public school"immediately marks you out as one of the middle class.The middle classes tend to live a more formal?life than working-class people,and are usually more cultured.Their midday meal is"lunch"and?they have a rather formal evening meal called"dinner",whereas the working man′s dinner,if his?working hours permit,is at midday,and his smaller,late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said,however,the class system is much less rigid than it was,and for a long time it?has been government policy to reduce class distinctions.Working-class students very commonly?receive a university education and enter the professions,and working-class incomes have grown so?much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear.However,regardless of one′s social status,certain standards of politeness are expected of?everybody,and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets,and treats a laborer with the same?respect he gives an important businessman.Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike.Even?the word"sir",except in school and in certain occupations(e.g.commerce,the army,etc.)sounds?too servile to be commonly used.Why isn′t the word"sir"commonly used in Britain?查看材料A.Because it sounds too servile and is likely to cause embarrassment.B.Because it can only be used in some certain occupations.C.Because it is an impolite word.D.Because it shows that the speaker is not well-bred person.
Passage 1As regards social conventions,we must say a word about the well-known English class system.This is an embarrassing subject for English people,and one they tend to be ashamed of,though?during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less,and the class system less?rigid.But it still exists below the surface.Broadly speaking,it means there are two classes,the"middle class"and the"working class".(We shall ignore for a moment the old"upper class",including the hereditary aristocracy,since it is extremely small in numbers;but some of its members?have the right to sit in the House of Lords,and some newspapers take surprising interest in their?private life.)The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and professional people of?all kinds.The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent.Middle-class people use slightly?varying kinds of"received pronunciation"which is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers?and taught to overseas pupils.Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents?which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated.One of the biggest barriers of social?equality in England is the two-class education system.To have been to a so-called"public school"immediately marks you out as one of the middle class.The middle classes tend to live a more formal?life than working-class people,and are usually more cultured.Their midday meal is"lunch"and?they have a rather formal evening meal called"dinner",whereas the working man′s dinner,if his?working hours permit,is at midday,and his smaller,late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said,however,the class system is much less rigid than it was,and for a long time it?has been government policy to reduce class distinctions.Working-class students very commonly?receive a university education and enter the professions,and working-class incomes have grown so?much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear.However,regardless of one′s social status,certain standards of politeness are expected of?everybody,and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets,and treats a laborer with the same?respect he gives an important businessman.Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike.Even?the word"sir",except in school and in certain occupations(e.g.commerce,the army,etc.)sounds?too servile to be commonly used.Which of the following is not true about the English class system?查看材料A.It is an embarrassing subject for English people.B.Working-class students cannot receive a university education.C.The class system is much less rigid than it was.D.The class system still exists below the surface.
设计任务：请阅读下面学生信息和语言素材．设计一个25分钟的阅读训练活动。教案没有固定格式．但须包含下列要点：teaching objectivesteaching contentskey and difficult pointsmajor steps and time allocationactivities and justifications教学时间：25分钟学生概况：某城镇普通中学高中一年级学生，班级人数40人。多数学生已经达到《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》五级水平。学生课堂参与积极性一般。语言素材：The Road to Modern EnglishAt the end of the 16th century, above five to seven million people spoke English. Nearly all of them lived in England. Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries.Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English. Look at this example:British Betty: Would you like to see my flat?American Amy: Yes, I'd like to come up to your apartment.So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. At first, the English language spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today. It was based more on German than the English we speak at present. Then gradually between about AD 800 and1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. So by the 1600s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 some British settlers moved to America. Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia too. English began to speak in both countries.Finally by the 19th century the language was settled. At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of English language. The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.English now is also 'spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia. For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.During that time English became the language for government and education. English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa. Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners. Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.
共用题干English and English Community1There is no doubt that English is a useful language.The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese.2 A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities.The people who make up the community share a common language.Often they live side by side,as they do in a neighborhood（街坊）,a village,or a city. More often they form a whole country. National boundaries,however,are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community. A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.3 We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community. For convenience（方便）,we may divide the speakers into two groups:one in which the speakers use English as their native language,the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education,commerce,and so on.4 Learning a second language extends one's vision and expands the mind.The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional（虚构的）lives of peopleand their culture;a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel .Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage. Many people learn English as___________.A: a second languageB: the same languageC: the same speech communityD:any other language E:national boundariesF:a part of one's heritage
When we discuss the English language,we illuminate our weaknesses,prejudices and ambitions.Language creates communities,and some of these are solidarities of complainers and pedants.A statement about proper English is a statement not only about the language,but also about people-about who the proper English are,or just about who the proper users of English are.Typically,the celebrants and defenders of proper English are celebrating or defending something other than language.Where does our sense of the sproper'come from?In arguing about what is right and what wrong in any language,we appeal to authority.This authority is embodied in academies,the Ministry of Education（or its equivalent）and universities,as well as in the pronouncements of people who have appointed themselves authorities and have become known as such.We commonly accept these judges'pronouncements.There are also geographical criteria.These are evident in statements such as'Natives of Perugia speak the best Italian'or'People in Alsace have funny accents'.Typically,we feel that there are certain environments in which our language is decently used,and we favour the usage that obtains there.（48）Sometimes,too,we defer to the example of a significant literary figure,saying that so-and-so is a model of correctness.A broader view is that'correct English is that which is used by the best writers',but who are they,and what are the criteria for their being so esteemed?The definition tends to be circular:the best writers are the ones who best use the resources of English.When we appeal to aesthetics,our arguments become vague.The aesthetically sensitive arbiter will argue that whatever is beautiful in language is good.（49）The problem here would seem to be that the desire for beautiful language concentrates on language as an object-on the sensory pleasure it affords rather than on what it signifies.Besides,as we know from our observation of others,the constant pursuit of beauty can be embarrassing.Alternatively,we may claim that the most elegant usage is that of the social elite.Perhaps this now seems an absurd position,but not long ago it would have been perfectly normal.The democratic option is to say that all doubtful matters should be decided by ballot,or just to say that the majority is right.We also appeal to logic.（50）Although there are discrepancies between logic and the ways we use language,we frequently use arguments from logic（or from what we imagine to be logic）in order to justify our choice of words or find fault with others'choices.In practice we tend to find our usual practices logical and anything else illogical.'Logic'is often a mask for arrogance and extreme patriotism.
共用题干English and English Community1. There is no denying that English is a useful language.The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small tribes of people from northern Europe who settled in England.Their languages became more and more similar to each other. Finally,the language had enough uni-formity to be used by all speakers in England.The people were united into a speech community through their shared language.2. A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities.The people who make up the community share a common language .Often they live side by side,as they do in a neighborhood, a village,or a city.More often they form a whole country.National boundaries,however,are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community.A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.3. We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community.For convenience,we may classify the speakers into two groups:one in which the speakers use English as their native language,the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education,commerce,and so on.4. English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language .English has been adopted as the language of air traffic,commerce,as well as international diplomacy .Moreover,English is the language of the majority of published materials in the world so that education has come to rely heavily on an understanding of English.5. Learning a second language extends one's vision and expands the mind.The history and litera- ture of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture;a knowl- edge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel .Learning English as a sec- ond language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage. The idea of the national boundaries is often different from_____.A:.that of a speech communityB: can a speech community be formedC: in order to learn English betterD: for the sake of simplicityE: has played an important role in the field of educationF: is widely used in several areas of public activity
共用题干English and English Community1. There is no denying that English is a useful language.The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small tribes of people from northern Europe who settled in England.Their languages became more and more similar to each other. Finally,the language had enough uni-formity to be used by all speakers in England.The people were united into a speech community through their shared language.2. A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities.The people who make up the community share a common language .Often they live side by side,as they do in a neighborhood, a village,or a city.More often they form a whole country.National boundaries,however,are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community.A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.3. We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community.For convenience,we may classify the speakers into two groups:one in which the speakers use English as their native language,the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education,commerce,and so on.4. English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language .English has been adopted as the language of air traffic,commerce,as well as international diplomacy .Moreover,English is the language of the majority of published materials in the world so that education has come to rely heavily on an understanding of English.5. Learning a second language extends one's vision and expands the mind.The history and litera- ture of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture;a knowl- edge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel .Learning English as a sec- ond language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage. An understanding of English______.A:.that of a speech communityB: can a speech community be formedC: in order to learn English betterD: for the sake of simplicityE: has played an important role in the field of educationF: is widely used in several areas of public activity
单选题Passage 2As regards social conventions，we must say a word about the wel-known English class system. This is an embarassing subject for English people，and one they tend to be ashamed of，though during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less，and the class system less rigid. But it still exists below the surface. Broadly speaking，it means there are two clases，themiddle classand theworking class”.（We shall ignore for a moment the old“upper class，including the hereditary aristocracy，since it is extremely small in numbers；but some of its members have the right to sit in the House of Lords，and some newspapers take surprising interest in their private life.）The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and professional people of all kinds. The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent. Middle-class people use slightly varying kinds ofreceived pronunciationwhich is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers and taught to overseas pupils. Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated. One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the two-class education system. To have been to a so-called public schoolimmediately marks you out as one of the middle class. The middle classes tend to live a more formal life than working-class people, and are usually more cultured. Their midday meal is lunchand they have a rather formal evening meal called dinner, whereas the working man's dinner, if his working hours permit, is at midday, and his smaller, late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said, however, the class system is much less rigid than it was, and for a long time it has been government policy to reduce class distinctions. Working-class students very commonly receive a university education and enter the professions, and working-class incomes have grown so much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear. However, regardless of one's social status, certain standards of politeness are expected of everybody, and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets, and treats a laborer with the same respect he gives an important businessman. Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike. Even the wordsir, except in school and in certain occupations(e.g. commerce, the army, etc.) sounds too servile to be commonly used.Which of the following is not true about the English class system？AIt is an embarrassing subject for English people.BWorking-class students cannot receive a university education.CThe class system is much less rigid than it was.DThe class system still exists below the surface.
单选题请阅读 Passage 1，完成第21~25小题 。Passage 1As regards social conventions，we must say a word about the well-known English class system. This is an embarrassing subject for English people，and one they tend to be ashamed of ，though during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less，and the class system less rigid.But it still exists below the surface.Broadly speaking，it means there are two classes，the "middle class" and the"working class". (We shallignore for a moment the old "upper class"，including the hereditary aristocracy，since it is extremely small in numbers; but some of its members have the right to sit in the House of Lords，and some newspapers take surprising interest in their private life.) The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and prof essional people of all kinds.The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent.Middle-class people use slightly varying kinds of "received pronunciation" which is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers and taught to overseas pupils.Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated.One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the two-class education system.To have been to a so-called "public school" immediately marks you out as one of the middle class.The middle classes tend to live a more formal life than working-class people，and are usually more cultured.Their midday meal is"lunch" and they have a rather formal evening meal called"dinner"，whereas the working man's dinner，if his working hours permit，is at midday，and his smaller，late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said，however，the class system is much less rigid than it was，and for a long time it has been government policy to reduce class distinctions.Working-class students very commonly receive a university education and enter the professions，and working-class incomes have grown so much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear. However，regardless of one's social status，certain standards of politeness are expected of everybody，and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets，and treats a laborer with the same respect he gives an important businessman.Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike.Even the word "sir"，except in school and in certain occupations (e.g.commerce，the army，etc.) sounds too servile to be commonly used.The most obvious difference between the working class and the middle class in English is their ____.AdressBworkCaccentDmeal
单选题请阅读 Passage 1，完成第21~25小题 。Passage 1As regards social conventions，we must say a word about the well-known English class system. This is an embarrassing subject for English people，and one they tend to be ashamed of ，though during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less，and the class system less rigid.But it still exists below the surface.Broadly speaking，it means there are two classes，the middle class and theworking class. (We shallignore for a moment the old upper class，including the hereditary aristocracy，since it is extremely small in numbers; but some of its members have the right to sit in the House of Lords，and some newspapers take surprising interest in their private life.) The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and prof essional people of all kinds.The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent.Middle-class people use slightly varying kinds of received pronunciation which is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers and taught to overseas pupils.Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated.One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the two-class education system.To have been to a so-called public school immediately marks you out as one of the middle class.The middle classes tend to live a more formal life than working-class people，and are usually more cultured.Their midday meal islunch and they have a rather formal evening meal calleddinner，whereas the working man's dinner，if his working hours permit，is at midday，and his smaller，late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said，however，the class system is much less rigid than it was，and for a long time it has been government policy to reduce class distinctions.Working-class students very commonly receive a university education and enter the professions，and working-class incomes have grown so much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear. However，regardless of one's social status，certain standards of politeness are expected of everybody，and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets，and treats a laborer with the same respect he gives an important businessman.Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike.Even the word sir，except in school and in certain occupations (e.g.commerce，the army，etc.) sounds too servile to be commonly used.The upper class in England today ____.Aare extremely small in number so that media pays no attention to themBstill use old words like Sir in their everyday lifeCinclude the hereditary aristocracyDrefer only to the royal family
单选题Passage 2As regards social conventions，we must say a word about the wel-known English class system. This is an embarassing subject for English people，and one they tend to be ashamed of，though during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less，and the class system less rigid. But it still exists below the surface. Broadly speaking，it means there are two clases，themiddle classand theworking class”.（We shall ignore for a moment the old“upper class，including the hereditary aristocracy，since it is extremely small in numbers；but some of its members have the right to sit in the House of Lords，and some newspapers take surprising interest in their private life.）The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and professional people of all kinds. The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent. Middle-class people use slightly varying kinds ofreceived pronunciationwhich is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers and taught to overseas pupils. Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated. One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the two-class education system. To have been to a so-called public schoolimmediately marks you out as one of the middle class. The middle classes tend to live a more formal life than working-class people, and are usually more cultured. Their midday meal is lunchand they have a rather formal evening meal called dinner, whereas the working man's dinner, if his working hours permit, is at midday, and his smaller, late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said, however, the class system is much less rigid than it was, and for a long time it has been government policy to reduce class distinctions. Working-class students very commonly receive a university education and enter the professions, and working-class incomes have grown so much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear. However, regardless of one's social status, certain standards of politeness are expected of everybody, and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets, and treats a laborer with the same respect he gives an important businessman. Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike. Even the wordsir, except in school and in certain occupations(e.g. commerce, the army, etc.) sounds too servile to be commonly used.The most obvious difference between the working class and the middle class in English is their_______.AdressBworkCaccentDmeal
单选题请阅读 Passage 1，完成第21~25小题 。Passage 1As regards social conventions，we must say a word about the well-known English class system. This is an embarrassing subject for English people，and one they tend to be ashamed of ，though during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less，and the class system less rigid.But it still exists below the surface.Broadly speaking，it means there are two classes，the "middle class" and the"working class". (We shallignore for a moment the old "upper class"，including the hereditary aristocracy，since it is extremely small in numbers; but some of its members have the right to sit in the House of Lords，and some newspapers take surprising interest in their private life.) The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and prof essional people of all kinds.The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent.Middle-class people use slightly varying kinds of "received pronunciation" which is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers and taught to overseas pupils.Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated.One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the two-class education system.To have been to a so-called "public school" immediately marks you out as one of the middle class.The middle classes tend to live a more formal life than working-class people，and are usually more cultured.Their midday meal is"lunch" and they have a rather formal evening meal called"dinner"，whereas the working man's dinner，if his working hours permit，is at midday，and his smaller，late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said，however，the class system is much less rigid than it was，and for a long time it has been government policy to reduce class distinctions.Working-class students very commonly receive a university education and enter the professions，and working-class incomes have grown so much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear. However，regardless of one's social status，certain standards of politeness are expected of everybody，and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets，and treats a laborer with the same respect he gives an important businessman.Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike.Even the word "sir"，except in school and in certain occupations (e.g.commerce，the army，etc.) sounds too servile to be commonly used.Which of the following is not true about the English class system?AIt is an embarrassing subject for English people.BWorking-class students cannot receive a university education.CThe class system is much less rigid than it was.DThe class system still exists below the surface.
问答题MINI-LECTURE 4 Improving Your Motivation for Learning English I．The importance of the techniques for improving motivation A．Necessity for leaning English B．Necessity for boosting motivation in (1) ______ (1)______ II． Motivation for learning English A．Talking to (2) ______freely (2)______ B．Admired by other people C．Writing email to people all over the world III．Ways to improve the motivation for learning English A．Remember your English is already good but (3) ______ (3)______ —stilla lot of things you don’t know —stillhaving problems: (4) ______, vocabulary, grammar, etc. (4)______ B．Use English as much as possible —Englishis (5) ______ (5)______ a) findinginformation from English-language websites b)(6) ______ (6)______ c) playingadventure games. d) readinginteresting English books, etc. —Englishwill be improved when effective methods are adopted C．Talking to people about English —peopletalk about things they are interested in —peoplegradually (7) ______in a boring subject (7)______ a) tellingothers your suffering when studying a boring subject b) tellingthem about the things you have learned D．Spending money on learning English —thedesire to use and improve English (8) ______ (8)______ because ofthe money you spent —impulseis given to learn English E．Learning English requires (9) ______ (9)______ —onesmall practice is more powerful than reading a lot —youwill enjoy (10) ______only if you change (10)______ something about your life.
单选题请阅读 Passage 1，完成第21~25小题 。Passage 1As regards social conventions，we must say a word about the well-known English class system. This is an embarrassing subject for English people，and one they tend to be ashamed of ，though during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less，and the class system less rigid.But it still exists below the surface.Broadly speaking，it means there are two classes，the middle class and theworking class. (We shallignore for a moment the old upper class，including the hereditary aristocracy，since it is extremely small in numbers; but some of its members have the right to sit in the House of Lords，and some newspapers take surprising interest in their private life.) The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and prof essional people of all kinds.The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent.Middle-class people use slightly varying kinds of received pronunciation which is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers and taught to overseas pupils.Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated.One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the two-class education system.To have been to a so-called public school immediately marks you out as one of the middle class.The middle classes tend to live a more formal life than working-class people，and are usually more cultured.Their midday meal islunch and they have a rather formal evening meal calleddinner，whereas the working man's dinner，if his working hours permit，is at midday，and his smaller，late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said，however，the class system is much less rigid than it was，and for a long time it has been government policy to reduce class distinctions.Working-class students very commonly receive a university education and enter the professions，and working-class incomes have grown so much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear. However，regardless of one's social status，certain standards of politeness are expected of everybody，and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets，and treats a laborer with the same respect he gives an important businessman.Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike.Even the word sir，except in school and in certain occupations (e.g.commerce，the army，etc.) sounds too servile to be commonly used.The middle class mainly refers to people ____.Awho were born as aristocratBwho have the right to sit in the House of LordsCwho speak in many different local accentsDwho are prosperous businessmen or who work in some professions
单选题请阅读 Passage 1，完成第21~25小题 。Passage 1As regards social conventions，we must say a word about the well-known English class system. This is an embarrassing subject for English people，and one they tend to be ashamed of ，though during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less，and the class system less rigid.But it still exists below the surface.Broadly speaking，it means there are two classes，the "middle class" and the"working class". (We shallignore for a moment the old "upper class"，including the hereditary aristocracy，since it is extremely small in numbers; but some of its members have the right to sit in the House of Lords，and some newspapers take surprising interest in their private life.) The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and prof essional people of all kinds.The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent.Middle-class people use slightly varying kinds of "received pronunciation" which is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers and taught to overseas pupils.Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated.One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the two-class education system.To have been to a so-called "public school" immediately marks you out as one of the middle class.The middle classes tend to live a more formal life than working-class people，and are usually more cultured.Their midday meal is"lunch" and they have a rather formal evening meal called"dinner"，whereas the working man's dinner，if his working hours permit，is at midday，and his smaller，late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said，however，the class system is much less rigid than it was，and for a long time it has been government policy to reduce class distinctions.Working-class students very commonly receive a university education and enter the professions，and working-class incomes have grown so much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear. However，regardless of one's social status，certain standards of politeness are expected of everybody，and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets，and treats a laborer with the same respect he gives an important businessman.Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike.Even the word "sir"，except in school and in certain occupations (e.g.commerce，the army，etc.) sounds too servile to be commonly used.Why isn't the word "sir" commonly used in Britain?ABecause it sounds too servile and is likely to cause embarrassment.BBecause it can only be used in some certain occupations.CBecause it is an impolite word.DBecause it shows that the speaker is not well-bred person.
单选题Passage 2As regards social conventions，we must say a word about the wel-known English class system. This is an embarassing subject for English people，and one they tend to be ashamed of，though during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less，and the class system less rigid. But it still exists below the surface. Broadly speaking，it means there are two clases，themiddle classand theworking class”.（We shall ignore for a moment the old“upper class，including the hereditary aristocracy，since it is extremely small in numbers；but some of its members have the right to sit in the House of Lords，and some newspapers take surprising interest in their private life.）The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do businessmen and professional people of all kinds. The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.The most obvious difference between them is in their accent. Middle-class people use slightly varying kinds ofreceived pronunciationwhich is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers and taught to overseas pupils. Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated. One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the two-class education system. To have been to a so-called public schoolimmediately marks you out as one of the middle class. The middle classes tend to live a more formal life than working-class people, and are usually more cultured. Their midday meal is lunchand they have a rather formal evening meal called dinner, whereas the working man's dinner, if his working hours permit, is at midday, and his smaller, late-evening meal is called supper.As we have said, however, the class system is much less rigid than it was, and for a long time it has been government policy to reduce class distinctions. Working-class students very commonly receive a university education and enter the professions, and working-class incomes have grown so much recently that the distinctions between the two classes are becoming less and less clear. However, regardless of one's social status, certain standards of politeness are expected of everybody, and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets, and treats a laborer with the same respect he gives an important businessman. Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike. Even the wordsir, except in school and in certain occupations(e.g. commerce, the army, etc.) sounds too servile to be commonly used.The“upper class”in England today_______.Aare extremely small in number so that media pays no attention to themBstill use old words like Sir in their everyday lifeCinclude the hereditary aristocracyDrefer only to the royal family