Primer on Smell In addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us ? Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are,” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. ___1___ “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell,” says Reed. Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble — spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “It’s a great alert,” offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it. With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Let’s say, for example, that the smell is purple petunias. ___2___ Now let’s imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldn’t need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor. Compared with3 animals, how well do people detect smelts ? That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells : current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells, about as many as a mouse. ___3___ Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a human brain —— it’s a pea-sized object. In a mouse, it’s a little bigger. It’s bean-sized in a rat, about the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of your thumb in a bloodhound.” Does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute ? Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. ___4___ A trained “nose”, such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish about 10,000 odors. Reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modem scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingredients. “In a modest amount of time, he comes back with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. It’s amazing.” What happens to4 our sense of smell as we age ? Many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. ___5___ Leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the teens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. “The average 80-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old,” says Leopold.词汇: scent /sent/ n. 气味,香味petunia /p 'tju:ni / n. 喇叭花olfactory / l'f kt( )ri/ adj. 嗔觉的,味道的sniff /snif/ v. 嗅,闻,用力吸注释:1. bring out:使……显出,使……变得明显2. warn of:发出关于……的警告。warn sb. of sth.:警告某人某事3. compare with:与……相比4. happen to:发生于,发生在练习:A These flowers have a rich spiciness that no other petunia has.B Odors, or smells, can warn us about trouble.C That’s not the rule, however.D And smell tells us about people.E We can also think, and we make conscious (and successful) efforts to tell the difference between one smell and another.F A rat has some 10 million, a rabbit 20 million, and a bloodhound 100 million.

Primer on Smell
In addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us ?
Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are,” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. ___1___ “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell,” says Reed.
Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble — spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “It’s a great alert,” offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it.
With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Let’s say, for example, that the smell is purple petunias. ___2___ Now let’s imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldn’t need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor.
Compared with3 animals, how well do people detect smelts ?
That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells : current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells, about as many as a mouse. ___3___
Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a human brain —— it’s a pea-sized object. In a mouse, it’s a little bigger. It’s bean-sized in a rat, about the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of your thumb in a bloodhound.”
Does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute ?
Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. ___4___ A trained “nose”, such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish about 10,000 odors. Reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modem scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingredients. “In a modest amount of time, he comes back with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. It’s amazing.”
What happens to4 our sense of smell as we age ?
Many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. ___5___ Leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the teens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. “The average 80-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old,” says Leopold.

词汇:
scent /sent/ n. 气味,香味
petunia /p 'tju:ni / n. 喇叭花
olfactory / l'f kt( )ri/ adj. 嗔觉的,味道的
sniff /snif/ v. 嗅,闻,用力吸

注释:
1. bring out:使……显出,使……变得明显
2. warn of:发出关于……的警告。warn sb. of sth.:警告某人某事
3. compare with:与……相比
4. happen to:发生于,发生在

练习:
A These flowers have a rich spiciness that no other petunia has.
B Odors, or smells, can warn us about trouble.
C That’s not the rule, however.
D And smell tells us about people.
E We can also think, and we make conscious (and successful) efforts to tell the difference between one smell and another.
F A rat has some 10 million, a rabbit 20 million, and a bloodhound 100 million.


参考解析

解析:1. D 根据后文提到的“我们能够根据气味收集到有关人的很多信息”可以推断此处答案是D选项。
2. A 前文提到以紫喇叭花的香味举例,选项中只有A选项提到了喇叭花。
3. F 前文提到人类和小鼠的嗅觉受体细胞数量,可以推断此处应介绍其他物种的嗅觉受体细胞数量。
4. E 后文都在介绍人类可以区分味道的不同,所以此处E选项最符合原文意思。
5. C 后文介绍了不是每个人都随着年龄的增长嗅觉能力不发生变化,所以此处C选项最符合原文。

嗅觉入门

嗅觉除了能让我们感受到食物的气味外,还能做什么
美国约翰霍普金斯大学研究嗅觉的专家Randall Reed教授指出,气味能提供给我们关于位置,关于我们在哪儿,以及有关人的信息。“无论我们是否意识到,我们能根据气味收集到许多关于谁在我们身边的信息,”Reed讲道。
即使还隔着一段距离,气味就能提醒我们注意很多麻烦:变质的食物,煤气泄漏,或是火灾。“它是一个很好的警告,”约翰霍普金斯大学的医生Donald Leopold说道。比方说,烤箱中有东西烧焦了,屋内的每个人都会知道。
仅仅是简单的气味,嗅觉就会引起强烈的情感。比如说那种气味就是紫喇叭花。它的气味中有一种其他喇叭花没有的香味。现在我们想象一下,你的母亲在你3岁时就去世了,她曾经拥有一座花园。你不必去辨认那种气味或者有意识地回忆起你的母亲或者她的花园,只要是你闻到那种紫喇叭花的香味,你就会感到伤感。
与动物相比,人类感知气味的能力有多强
那要取决于你所谓的“多强”是什么意思。我们人类的受体细胞很少:目前估计人类有大概500万个嗅觉受体细胞,差不多和一只小鼠的一样多。一只大鼠大约有1 000万个,一只兔子有2 000万个,一只寻血犬有1亿个。
Reed谈到,在不同的物种中,受体细胞的数量和嗅觉的强弱大体是正相关的。“人的大脑中是几乎找不到嗅球的,它像豌豆般大小。小鼠的脑中,嗅球大一点。大鼠的脑中,嗅球有蚕豆那么大,兔子脑中的有你的小手指那么大,而寻血犬脑中的有拇指那么大。”
这是不是就意味着我们的嗅觉不够敏锐呢
不完全是。尽管我们的嗅觉范围可能没有其他生物的那么广,但是我们已有的受体细胞和其他动物的一样敏感。我们也可以认为,我们在有意(并且成功地〕努力区别不同的气味。受过培训的鼻子,比如研究香水的专家的鼻子就能够区分1万种气味并说出其名字。Reed说,一个香水专家可以在闻完一种含有100种不同香料的现代香水后,走进实验室,列出这些成分。“一段时间过后,他调制出来的气味对于你我来说都是那种香水气味的完美复制,太不可思议了。”
随着年龄的增长,我们的嗅觉会发生什么变化
许多人年龄增大时还会有很好的嗅觉能力。但并不都是这样。指出,一个人的嗅觉在儿童时最强,在青少年时期一直到50多岁都保持不变,女人通常从60岁、男人从65岁开始下降。“通常来说,80岁的人能闻到的东西是20岁的人能闻到的一半,”Leopold说道。

相关考题:

The smell of fresh bread () the whole house. A、sawB、saw throughC、penetratedD、came

What a () smell! Open the window and air out the room. A、disgustingB、pleasingC、wonderfulD、disturbed

The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, __1__ this is largely because, __2__ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are __3__ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, __4__ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of __7__ human smells even when these are __8__ to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, __9__ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate __10__ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send __11__ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell __12__ can suddenly become sensitive to it when __13__ to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it __14__ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can __15__ new receptors if necessary. This may __16__ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not __17__ of the usual smell of our own house but we __18__ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors __19__ for unfamiliar and emergency signals __20__ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1________________[A] although[B] as[C] but[D] while

Are holds free of smell?

Primer on Smell In addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us ? Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are,” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. ___1___ “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell,” says Reed. Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble — spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “It’s a great alert,” offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it. With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Let’s say, for example, that the smell is purple petunias. ___2___ Now let’s imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldn’t need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor. Compared with3 animals, how well do people detect smelts ? That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells : current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells, about as many as a mouse. ___3___ Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a human brain —— it’s a pea-sized object. In a mouse, it’s a little bigger. It’s bean-sized in a rat, about the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of your thumb in a bloodhound.” Does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute ? Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. ___4___ A trained “nose”, such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish about 10,000 odors. Reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modem scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingredients. “In a modest amount of time, he comes back with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. It’s amazing.” What happens to4 our sense of smell as we age ? Many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. ___5___ Leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the teens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. “The average 80-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old,” says Leopold.词汇: scent /sent/ n. 气味,香味petunia /p 'tju:ni / n. 喇叭花olfactory / l'f kt( )ri/ adj. 嗔觉的,味道的sniff /snif/ v. 嗅,闻,用力吸注释:1. bring out:使……显出,使……变得明显2. warn of:发出关于……的警告。warn sb. of sth.:警告某人某事3. compare with:与……相比4. happen to:发生于,发生在练习:A These flowers have a rich spiciness that no other petunia has.B Odors, or smells, can warn us about trouble.C That’s not the rule, however.D And smell tells us about people.E We can also think, and we make conscious (and successful) efforts to tell the difference between one smell and another.F A rat has some 10 million, a rabbit 20 million, and a bloodhound 100 million.

The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors( )for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire.A.availableB.reliableC.identifiableD.suitable

共用题干第一篇The Smell of MoneyFor many years large supermarkets have been encouraging us to spend money by pumping the smell of freshly-baked bread into their stores. Now Dale Air, a leading firm of aroma(香气)consultants, has been approached by Barclay's Bank to develop suitable artificial smells for their banks.Researchers have suggested that surrounding customers with the"smell of money"will encourage them to feel relaxed and optimistic and give them added confidence in the bank's security and professionalism.But before a smell can be manufactured and introduced into banks' air conditioning systems,it must be identified and chemically analyzed,and this has proved to be difficult.The problem is that banknotes and coins tend to pick up the smell of their surroundings.So cash that has been sitting in a cash register at a fishmonger's(鱼贩)will smell of fish,and banknotes used to pay for meals in restaurants will tend to smellof food.It may be a challenge,but aroma experts have little doubt that the use of artificial smells can be an effective form of subconscious advertising. Lunn Poly,a British travel company,introduced the smell of coconuts(椰 子)into its travel agencies and saw a big increase in spending by holiday makers.Many cafs now have elec-tric dispensers(自动售货机)that release the smell of freshly roasted coffee near their entrances, subtly encouraging customers to come in and have a drink or snack. Even prestigious car maker Rolls-Royce has been spraying the inside of its cars to enhance the smell of the leather seats."The sense of smell is probably the most basic and primitive of all human senses,"explains researcher Jim O'Riordan. "There is a direct pathway from the olfactory(嗅觉的)organs in the nose to the brain."It is certainly true that most people find certain smells incredibly strong,stirring memories and feelings in a way that few other stimulants(刺激物)can rival. It is a phenomenon marketing consultants have long recog- nized,but until recently have been unable to harness."We've made great progress but the technology of odour production is still in its infancy,"says O'Riordan."Who knows where it will take us."Researchers believe that introducing the"smell of money"into banks will encourage people_________.A:to spend moneyB:to feel confident about banksC:to earn more moneyD:to withdraw money from banks

共用题干第一篇The Smell of MoneyFor many years large supermarkets have been encouraging us to spend money by pumping the smell of freshly-baked bread into their stores. Now Dale Air, a leading firm of aroma(香气)consultants, has been approached by Barclay's Bank to develop suitable artificial smells for their banks.Researchers have suggested that surrounding customers with the"smell of money"will encourage them to feel relaxed and optimistic and give them added confidence in the bank's security and professionalism.But before a smell can be manufactured and introduced into banks' air conditioning systems,it must be identified and chemically analyzed,and this has proved to be difficult.The problem is that banknotes and coins tend to pick up the smell of their surroundings.So cash that has been sitting in a cash register at a fishmonger's(鱼贩)will smell of fish,and banknotes used to pay for meals in restaurants will tend to smellof food.It may be a challenge,but aroma experts have little doubt that the use of artificial smells can be an effective form of subconscious advertising. Lunn Poly,a British travel company,introduced the smell of coconuts(椰 子)into its travel agencies and saw a big increase in spending by holiday makers.Many cafs now have elec-tric dispensers(自动售货机)that release the smell of freshly roasted coffee near their entrances, subtly encouraging customers to come in and have a drink or snack. Even prestigious car maker Rolls-Royce has been spraying the inside of its cars to enhance the smell of the leather seats."The sense of smell is probably the most basic and primitive of all human senses,"explains researcher Jim O'Riordan. "There is a direct pathway from the olfactory(嗅觉的)organs in the nose to the brain."It is certainly true that most people find certain smells incredibly strong,stirring memories and feelings in a way that few other stimulants(刺激物)can rival. It is a phenomenon marketing consultants have long recog- nized,but until recently have been unable to harness."We've made great progress but the technology of odour production is still in its infancy,"says O'Riordan."Who knows where it will take us."Researchers think__________.A:artificial smells help to improve people's memoryB:the technology to produce artificial smells is in the early stageC:artificial smells are harmfulD:the production of artificial smells is profitable

Pilot Primer6.2测试软件提供两种后台数据统计方式,分别是()。A、By DataB、By TimeC、By Map

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清漆给予木制品一个光亮的保护涂层。()A、Varnish gives a clear protective coat to steelwork.B、Primer gives a clear protective coat to woodwork.C、Varnish gives a clear protective coat to woodwork.D、Primer gives a clear protective coat to metalwork.

The basic types of paint used on a ship are ().A、cement wash, bitumen and paintB、primer, undercoats and top coatsC、topside paint, boot-topping paint and bottom paintD、primer, cement wash and paint

The main ()(保护层) is paint.A、primer boatB、protective coatC、top coatD、under coat

The most common kinds of ()used on board ship are as follows: primer coat, undercoat, topcoat, heat-resistant paint, varnish and anti-fouling paint.A、cement washB、bitumenC、paintD、varnish

Paints are stowed in the ()(油漆间).A、paint lockerB、Painted boardC、painting puntD、primer

()is applied to the area of the ship’s hull which is out of water when the ship is loaded.A、Boottopping paintB、Topside paintC、Bottom paintD、Primer

Undercoats are used ()the primer before the topcoat.A、inB、overC、toD、with

()are for radiators and pipes and for the ship’s funnel.A、VarnishesB、Anti-corrosive paintsC、Heat-resistant paintsD、Primer

Pull out the nails with ().A、primer coatB、a claw hammerC、cement washD、bitumen

()(清漆) is certainly for deck rails, cabin doors and the other woodwork.A、VarnishB、White paintC、Black paintD、Primer

()can thin down paint.A、The anti-fouling paintB、The thinnerC、The varnishD、primer

单选题Research into customer satisfaction showed that ______.Athe right smell made people think a product was betterBpeople preferred the smell of lemon to coconutCcertain smells could make people dislike a shopDcustomers rated the goods on sale as more inviting

单选题Primer coats are applied to a bare metal surface to give protection against ().ArustBdirtCdustDair

单选题The author collects hair in bags to prevent the invasion of deer because he knows that _____.Adeer like the smell of human hairBdeer can be repelled by the smell of human hairCdeer die when eating human hairDdeer flee at the sight of human hair

单选题—Oh,dear,I smell something ______.—God. my fish!AburntBburningCburnDis burning

单选题Dogs have a very good _____ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake.AsenseBviewCmeansDidea

单选题()the factory doesn't smell terrible.AAmazingBAmazedCAmazinglyDAmazedly

单选题What is meant by spotting the boom?()ALowering it into a cradleBPlacing it in a desired positionCSpotting it with wash primer and red leadDTwo-blocking it