Doctors must stop telling patients to finish an entire course of antibiotics because it is driving antimicrobial resistance,and patients should be encouraged to continue taking medication only until they feel better to avoid the overuse of drugs,experts from bodies including Pubtic Health England and the University of Oxford are now advising.Current guidance from the NHS and the World Health Organisation says it is essential to'finish a course'of antibiotics to avoid triggering more virulent forms of disease.But in a new article in the British Medical Journal（BMJ）,10 leading experts said the public health message is not backed by evidence and should be dropped.They claim it actually puts the public at greater risk from antimicrobial resistance."Historically,antibiotic courses were driven by fear of undertreatment,with less concern about overuse,"said lead author Martin Llewelyn,professor of infectious diseases at Brighton and Sussex Medical School."The idea that stopping antibiotic treatment early encourages antibiotic resistance is not supported by evidence,while taking antibiotics for longer than necessary increases the risk of resistance.We encourage policy makers,educators,and doctors to stop advocating'complete the course'when communicating with the public."Fears that stopping antibiotics early could trigger more dangerous forms of disease date back to Alexander Fleming who found that bacteria quickly become~acclimatised to penicillin and patients who take insufficient doses may transmit a more dangerous strain to family members.In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech in 1945,Fleming warned:"If you use penicillin,use enough."But in the BMJ article the experts argue that when a patient takes any antibiotics it allows dangerous strains of bacteria to grow on the skin and gut which could cause problems later.The longer the course,the more the resistance builds.They also warn that current guidance ignores the fact that patients often respond differently to the same antibiotic,with some needing longer courses than others.Commenting on the research Alison Holmes,Professor of Infectious Diseases at Imperial College London said it was'astonishing'that doctors still do not know the optimum duration for taking drugs even though a long course raises the risk of bacterial resistance."The'complete the course'message directly conflicts with the societal messages regarding the changes needed in behaviour and attitudes to minimise unnecessary exposure to anribiotics,"she said.However.Professor Helen Stokes-l.ampard.Chair of the Royal College of GPs,said:"Recommended courses of antibiotics are not random-they are tailored to individual conditions,and in many cases courses are quite short,for example for urinary tract infections.three days is ofren enough to cure the infection.We are concerned about the concept of patients stopping taking their medication mid-way through a course once ihey'feel better'.because improvement in symptoms does not necessarily mean the infection has been completely eradicated.It's important that patients have clear messages and the message to always take the full course of antibioiics is well known-changing this will simply confuse people."Chief medical officer Dame Sally Davies,also said that the message to the public shoulcl remain unchanged until there was further research."National Institute for Health and Care Excellence is currently developing guidance for managing common infections,which will look at all available evidence on appropriate prescribing of antibiotics,"she said."The Departmcnt of Health will continue to review the evidence on prescribing and drug resistant infections.As we aim to continue the great progress we have made at home and abroad on this i-ssue."Alexander Fleming cautioned thatA.more studies were required to decide whether to change guldance for using antibiotics to the public.B.enough antibiotics should be used to prevent the spread of deadlier forms of disease.C.patients under antibiotic treatment had long been worried about overuse.D.patients should stop taking antibiotics as soon as they became unnecessary for them.E.many advised courses were too short to treat diseases as minor as urinary tract infections.F.changing the'always complete the course'message might bring about confusion to people.G.doctors were supposed to have known the ideal length of antibiotic treatments.
Doctors must stop telling patients to finish an entire course of antibiotics because it is driving antimicrobial resistance,and patients should be encouraged to continue taking medication only until they feel better to avoid the overuse of drugs,experts from bodies including Pubtic Health England and the University of Oxford are now advising.Current guidance from the NHS and the World Health Organisation says it is essential to'finish a course'of antibiotics to avoid triggering more virulent forms of disease.But in a new article in the British Medical Journal（BMJ）,10 leading experts said the public health message is not backed by evidence and should be dropped.They claim it actually puts the public at greater risk from antimicrobial resistance."Historically,antibiotic courses were driven by fear of undertreatment,with less concern about overuse,"said lead author Martin Llewelyn,professor of infectious diseases at Brighton and Sussex Medical School."The idea that stopping antibiotic treatment early encourages antibiotic resistance is not supported by evidence,while taking antibiotics for longer than necessary increases the risk of resistance.We encourage policy makers,educators,and doctors to stop advocating'complete the course'when communicating with the public."Fears that stopping antibiotics early could trigger more dangerous forms of disease date back to Alexander Fleming who found that bacteria quickly become~acclimatised to penicillin and patients who take insufficient doses may transmit a more dangerous strain to family members.In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech in 1945,Fleming warned:"If you use penicillin,use enough."But in the BMJ article the experts argue that when a patient takes any antibiotics it allows dangerous strains of bacteria to grow on the skin and gut which could cause problems later.The longer the course,the more the resistance builds.They also warn that current guidance ignores the fact that patients often respond differently to the same antibiotic,with some needing longer courses than others.Commenting on the research Alison Holmes,Professor of Infectious Diseases at Imperial College London said it was'astonishing'that doctors still do not know the optimum duration for taking drugs even though a long course raises the risk of bacterial resistance."The'complete the course'message directly conflicts with the societal messages regarding the changes needed in behaviour and attitudes to minimise unnecessary exposure to anribiotics,"she said.However.Professor Helen Stokes-l.ampard.Chair of the Royal College of GPs,said:"Recommended courses of antibiotics are not random-they are tailored to individual conditions,and in many cases courses are quite short,for example for urinary tract infections.three days is ofren enough to cure the infection.We are concerned about the concept of patients stopping taking their medication mid-way through a course once ihey'feel better'.because improvement in symptoms does not necessarily mean the infection has been completely eradicated.It's important that patients have clear messages and the message to always take the full course of antibioiics is well known-changing this will simply confuse people."Chief medical officer Dame Sally Davies,also said that the message to the public shoulcl remain unchanged until there was further research."National Institute for Health and Care Excellence is currently developing guidance for managing common infections,which will look at all available evidence on appropriate prescribing of antibiotics,"she said."The Departmcnt of Health will continue to review the evidence on prescribing and drug resistant infections.As we aim to continue the great progress we have made at home and abroad on this i-ssue."
Alexander Fleming cautioned that
Alexander Fleming cautioned that
A.more studies were required to decide whether to change guldance for using antibiotics to the public.
B.enough antibiotics should be used to prevent the spread of deadlier forms of disease.
C.patients under antibiotic treatment had long been worried about overuse.
D.patients should stop taking antibiotics as soon as they became unnecessary for them.
E.many advised courses were too short to treat diseases as minor as urinary tract infections.
F.changing the'always complete the course'message might bring about confusion to people.
G.doctors were supposed to have known the ideal length of antibiotic treatments.
B.enough antibiotics should be used to prevent the spread of deadlier forms of disease.
C.patients under antibiotic treatment had long been worried about overuse.
D.patients should stop taking antibiotics as soon as they became unnecessary for them.
E.many advised courses were too short to treat diseases as minor as urinary tract infections.
F.changing the'always complete the course'message might bring about confusion to people.
G.doctors were supposed to have known the ideal length of antibiotic treatments.
参考解析
解析：根据题干Alexander Fleming定位至第四段，首句介绍他的发现：服用青霉素（一种抗生素）不足的患者会传播更致命的疾病；第二句他警告：用青霉索，就要用足量；据此可推断：Fleming警告世人服用足量抗生索是为了预防更致命疾病的传播IB.与以上两句一致。
相关考题：
A report published today by British doctors showed some worrying trends, but also some positive signs that in the long- term the country’s health might improve. The report was based on two years of interviews with family doctors about their patients.The doctors expressed concern that patients were eating too much and were generally overweight. The doctors said this was particularly worrying as they were seeing more and more young people with weight problems. But it was not just their patients eating too much concerned doctors, but the quality of the food as well.The doctors said that many of their patients led busy lives and did not have time to cook traditional meals. Because of this many of them were turning to unhealthy fast foods. Salesof this type of food have been increasing steadily over the last decade, although there were signs that the rate of growth is declining. The doctors felt that there was a clear link between over- consuming of fast food and health problems among their patients.But the report was not all bad news. The doctors interviewed also reported an increased awareness of the importance of healthy eating among their patients. Many reported an increasein the number of patients they see who had switched to a healthy organic diet.41.The report was_____________________.A). mainly bad news B). all bad news C). all good news D). mainly good news 42. The doctors expressed concern about the problem of ___________________. A). patient’s eating too much B). patient’s quality of the foodC). both the patient’s eating too much and low quality of the food. D). old patients’ overweight43.The doctors said that many of their patients didn’t cook traditional meals because__________________.A). patients led busy lives and they have no time to cook the traditional meals. B). patients liked to have some fast food.C). patients believed that traditional cook were not delicious D). patients often went out for dinner44. At the moment sales of fast food______________. A). are growing rapidly B). are growing slowing C). are decliningD). are at the same speed as before45. Doctors report that more of their patients _________________. A). are aware of the importance of healthy eating B). don’t care about healthy eatingC). are stopping eating fast foods D). turn to fast food more often
Which of the following statements its true according to the text?A) Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.B) Modern medicine has assisted terminally iii patients in painless recovery.C) The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D) A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
Text 4 The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide canrry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery, "he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, " to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."第56题：From the first three paragraphs, we learn thatA doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients'pain.B it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.C the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.D patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.
George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if theyA manage their patients incompetently.B give patients more medicine than needed.C reduce dmg dosages for their patients.D prolong the needless suffering of the patients.
The word “euthanasia” in the second paragraph most probably means ________.[A] doctors’ sympathy to dying patients[B] doctors’ aggressive medical measures to dying patients[C] doctors’ mercy killing to reduce sufferings of dying patients[D] doctors’ well-meaning treatment to save dying patients
Research recently conducted on the side effects of the medication __________ that it should not be prescribed to diabetic patients.A.has foundB.has been foundC.findsD.was finding
共用题干第三篇Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）ResistanceThe ability of micro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure the infectionsthey cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed mecha-nisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics（抗生素）normally used for their treatment. They are known as multi一drug resistant bacteria,posing particular difficulties,as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy.They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains（菌株）and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics , reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 1 1 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.The article has drawn attention to the issue of antimicrobial resistance,and,in particular,has raised awareness of infections caused by multi- drug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear,this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission,and to define the most effec-tive measures for control.Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action in- clude consumers , managers of hospitals , patients , as well as national governments , the pharmaceutical（制药 的）industry,and international agencies.WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance;rational antibiotic use,including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics;introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription;and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures,particularly in healthcare facilities.Successful control of multidrug-resistant micro-organisms has been documented in many countries,and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies,and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.We learn from the passage that_________.A:antimicrobial resistance was not noticed until 2010B:without WHO,no country will be safe in the war against antimicrobial resistanceC:WHO will focus its prevention and control efforts in poor countriesD:further study is needed to deal with the transmission of multi-drug resistant bacteria
共用题干第三篇Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）ResistanceThe ability of micro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure the infectionsthey cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed mecha-nisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics（抗生素）normally used for their treatment. They are known as multi一drug resistant bacteria,posing particular difficulties,as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy.They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains（菌株）and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics , reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 1 1 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.The article has drawn attention to the issue of antimicrobial resistance,and,in particular,has raised awareness of infections caused by multi- drug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear,this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission,and to define the most effec-tive measures for control.Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action in- clude consumers , managers of hospitals , patients , as well as national governments , the pharmaceutical（制药 的）industry,and international agencies.WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance;rational antibiotic use,including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics;introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription;and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures,particularly in healthcare facilities.Successful control of multidrug-resistant micro-organisms has been documented in many countries,and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies,and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.Antimicrobial resistance has become a global public health issue because_________.A:new antibiotics are too expensive for poor countriesB:infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria have killed a lot of peopleC:scientists know nothing about multi-drug resistant bacteriaD:there may be few or no treatment to infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria
共用题干Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they______.A:manage their patients incompetently B:give patients more medicine than neededC:reduce drug dosages for their patients D:prolong the needless suffering of the patients
共用题干第二篇Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medi- cine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control termi-nally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con- trol their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the pa- tient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides be- cause the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.Itidentifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical li- censing boards"must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently man- aged and should result in license suspension."George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they________.A:manage their patients incompetentlyB:give patients more medicine than neededC:reduce drug dosages for their patients D:prolong the needless suffering of the patients
共用题干Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients'pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston Univeisity,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimale medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.if you're a physician,you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician一assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards"must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A:Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients'death.B:Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C:The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication should be prescribed.D:A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
共用题干第三篇Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）ResistanceThe ability of micro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure the infectionsthey cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed mecha-nisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics（抗生素）normally used for their treatment. They are known as multi一drug resistant bacteria,posing particular difficulties,as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy.They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains（菌株）and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics , reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 1 1 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.The article has drawn attention to the issue of antimicrobial resistance,and,in particular,has raised awareness of infections caused by multi- drug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear,this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission,and to define the most effec-tive measures for control.Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action in- clude consumers , managers of hospitals , patients , as well as national governments , the pharmaceutical（制药 的）industry,and international agencies.WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance;rational antibiotic use,including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics;introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription;and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures,particularly in healthcare facilities.Successful control of multidrug-resistant micro-organisms has been documented in many countries,and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies,and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.The article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases found thatA:a new multi-drug resistant bacterium has appearedB:some bacteria have developed a new gene to resist almost all antibioticsC:some infections are caused by antibioticsD:some countries are successful in controlling multi-drug resistant micro-organisms
共用题干第二篇Double EffectThe Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medi- cine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control termi-nally ill patients' pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who"until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to con- trol their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the pa- tient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery,"he says."We don't call those deaths homicides be- cause the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life.Itidentifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of"ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,"to the extent that it constitutes"systematic patient abuse."He says medical li- censing boards"must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently man- aged and should result in license suspension."Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A:Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.B:Modem medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C:The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication should be prescribed.D:A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
共用题干第三篇Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）ResistanceThe ability of micro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure the infectionsthey cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed mecha-nisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics（抗生素）normally used for their treatment. They are known as multi一drug resistant bacteria,posing particular difficulties,as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy.They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains（菌株）and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics , reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 1 1 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.The article has drawn attention to the issue of antimicrobial resistance,and,in particular,has raised awareness of infections caused by multi- drug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear,this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission,and to define the most effec-tive measures for control.Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action in- clude consumers , managers of hospitals , patients , as well as national governments , the pharmaceutical（制药 的）industry,and international agencies.WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance;rational antibiotic use,including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics;introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription;and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures,particularly in healthcare facilities.Successful control of multidrug-resistant micro-organisms has been documented in many countries,and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies,and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.WHO recommends governments to focus on the following areas EXCEPT_________.A:education on the use of antibioticsB:keeping hospitals from storing more antibiotics than they can useC:control of antibiotic useD:introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics
共用题干第三篇Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）ResistanceThe ability of micro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure the infectionsthey cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue.Some bacteria have developed mecha-nisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics（抗生素）normally used for their treatment. They are known as multi一drug resistant bacteria,posing particular difficulties,as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy.They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains（菌株）and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics , reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases on 1 1 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.The article has drawn attention to the issue of antimicrobial resistance,and,in particular,has raised awareness of infections caused by multi- drug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear,this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission,and to define the most effec-tive measures for control.Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action in- clude consumers , managers of hospitals , patients , as well as national governments , the pharmaceutical（制药 的）industry,and international agencies.WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance;rational antibiotic use,including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics;introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription;and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures,particularly in healthcare facilities.Successful control of multidrug-resistant micro-organisms has been documented in many countries,and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies,and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.The word"prudent"in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_________.A:unwiseB:carefulC:wastefulD:widespread
共用题干Relieving the Pain"Exercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain,"say doctors at a new clinic for dealing with pain. "People with chronic pain need to stop lying around,go out more,and start exercising."The instinctive reac-tion to acute pain is to stop moving and to try to protect the source of pain.But it seems that this is often not productive,especially in the case of back pain.Back pain,after headaches and tiredness,has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors.Painful backs now account for millions of days offwork.Lumbar（腰部的）pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground , but they are made worse by a sedentary（久坐不动的）lifestyle. Lack of exercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles,so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of pain.Exercise is essential. It releases endorphins（内啡肤）,the body's " feel-good " chemicals , which are natural painkillers. In fact, these are so important that researchers are now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of en- dorphins in the body.Most people who go to a family doctor complaining of pain are prescribed pain-killing drugs rather than exercise.Since finding the cause of backache is not so easy,doctors frequently do not know the precise cause of the discomfort,and as the pain continues,sufferers end up taking stronger doses or a series of different drugs."It's crazy,"says Dr. Brasseur,a therapist at the International Association for the Study of Pain. "Some of them are taking different drugs prescribed by different doctors.I've just seen a patient who was tak- ing two drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different names."A generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided.Once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological check up,their medication is cut down as much as pos- sible.Taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity.In some pain-relief clinics,patients begin the day with muscle contraction and relaxation exercises,fol- lowed by an hour on exercise bikes. Later in the day , they practice tai chi（太极）,self-defense , and deep thought. This compares with an average of two-and-a-half hours' physiotherapy（理疗）a week in a traditional hospital program."The idea is to strengthen and to increase long-lasting energy,flexibility,and confidence," explains Bill Wiles,a consultant pain doctor in Liverpool."Patients undergoing this therapy get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner than those subjected to more conservative treatment."To treat pain,patients should stop moving around.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
共用题干Relieving the Pain"Exercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain,"say doctors at a new clinic for dealing with pain. "People with chronic pain need to stop lying around,go out more,and start exercising."The instinctive reaction to acute pain is to stop moving and to try to protect the source of pain. But it seems that this is often not productive,especially in the case of back pain. Back pain,after headaches and tiredness,has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors.Painful backs now account for millions of days off work.Lumbar（腰部的）pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground, but they are made worse by a sedentary（久坐不动的）lifestyle. Lack of exercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles,so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of pain.Exercise is essential. It releases endorphins（内啡肽）,the body's "feel-good" chemicals, which are natural painkillers. In fact, these are so important that researchers are now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of endorphins in the body.Most people who go to a family doctor complaining of pain are prescribed pain-killing drugs rather than exercise.Since finding the cause of backache is not so easy,doctors frequently do not know the precise cause of the discomfort,and as the pain continues,sufferers end up taking stronger doses or a series of different drugs."It's crazy,"says Dr. Brasseur,a therapist at the International Association for the Study of Pain. "Some of them are taking different drugs prescribed by different doctors.I've just seen a patient who was taking two drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different names."A generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided.Once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological check up,their medication is cut down as much as possible.Taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity.In some pain一 relief clinics,patients begin the day with muscle contraction and relaxation exercises, followed by an hour on exercise bikes. Later in the day,they practice tai chi（太极）,self-defense,and deepthought. This compares with an average of two-and-a-half hours' physiotherapy（理疗）a week in a traditional hospital program."The idea is to strengthen and to increase long一lasting energy,flexibility,and confidence," explains Bill Wiles,a consultant pain doctor in Liverpool."Patients undergoing this therapy get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner than those subjected to more conservative treatment."To treat pain,patients should stop moving around.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
共用题干第一篇New Attempts to Eradicate AIDS VirusA high-profile attempt to eradicate the AIDS virus in a few patients continues to show promise.But researchers won't know for a year or more whether it will work,scientist David Ho told journalists here Wednesday for the Fourth Conference on Viruses and Infections."This is a study that's in progress,"says Ho,head of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York.The study involves 20 people who started combinations of anti-HIV drugs very early in the course of the disease,within 90 days of their infections.They'ye been treated for up to 18 months.Four others have dropped out because of side effects or problems complying with the exacting drug system.The drugs have knocked the AIDS virus down to undetectable levels in the blood of all remaining patients.And,in the latest development,scientists have now tested lymph nodes and semen from a few patients and found no virus reproducing there,Ho says."Bear in mind that undetectable does not equal absent,"Ho says.Ho has calculated that the drugs should be able to wipe out remaining viruses一at least from known reservoirs throughout the body—in two to three years.But the only way to prove eradication would be to stop the drugs and see if the virus comes back.On Wednesday,Ho said he wouldn't ask any patient to consider that step before 2(1/2)years of treatment.And he emphasized that he is not urging widespread adoption of such early,aggressive treatment outside of trials.No one knows the long-term risks.But other scientists are looking at similar experiments.A federally funded study will put 300 patients on triple-drug treatments and then see if some responding well after six months can continue to suppress the virus on just one or two drugs,says researcher Douglas Richman of the University of California,San Diego. Some patients in that study also may be offered the chance to stop therapy after 1 8 months or more,he says. Which is NOT true about Ho's study?A:20 patients were involved in the study.B:The patients have used several anti-HIV drugs.C:16 patients withdrew from the experiment.D:The patients have been treated for up to 1 8months.
单选题Greene thought that the study proved _____.Athe importance of a Mediterranean-style diet to diabetes patients.Bthe effect of a Mediterranean-style diet which can replaces medication.Cthe rationality for diabetes patients to refuse medication.Dthe unnecessity for prediabetes to take medication.
单选题One factor causing death on organ transplantation is ______.Aheavy bleeding during surgeryBdestruction of patients’ immune systemCobjection from patients to taking organs of othersDdoctors’ lack of confidence
单选题We learn from Para. 8 and Para. 9 that______.Adiabetes patients must take medication upon diagnosis.Bmedication is the first line of defense against Type 2 diabetes.Cboth lifestyle and medication are important for diabetes patients.Ddiabetes patients have no difficulties accepting medical cure.
单选题Doctors are often caught in a _____ because they have to decide whether they should tell their patients the truth or not.ApuzzleBperplexityCdilemmaDbewilderment
单选题George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ______.Amanage their patients incompetentlyBgive patients more medicine than neededCreduce drug dosages for their patientsDprolong the needless suffering of the patients
单选题When treating patients with psychological problems, some doctors feel that they _____.Aare at a loss for treatmentBhave no right to use drugsChave to cure their patients by any meansDshould use drugs to treat the symptoms
单选题Some sick people think of themselves as broken machines, which suggested that ______.Amodem doctors should treat their patients as machinesBthe level of the treatment was greatly improvedCthey thought they were useless just like broken machinesDthey were not satisfied with the manner in which doctors treated them
单选题Which of the following statements is true according to the text?ADoctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’ death.BModern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.CThe Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.DA doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
单选题Doctors give less importance to the communication between patients and doctors mainly because ______.Amodem medical instruments are usedBthey can cure more diseases and save more livesCthey have much more medical experience than beforeDthey are too busy to have time to talk with patients