名词解释题Encyclopedia
名词解释题
Encyclopedia
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Storytelling is one of the few human features that are truly universal across culture and through all of known history. Anthropologists find evidence of folktales everywhere in ancient cultures,written in Sanskrit，Latin，Greek，Chinese，Egyptian and Sumerian. People in societies of all types weave stories，from oral storytellers in hunter-gatherer tribes to the millions of writers bringing out books，television shows and movies. And when a characteristic behavior. shows up in so many different societies. researchers pay attention：its roots may tell us something about our evolutionary past.To study storytelling，scientists must first define what constitutes a story，and that can prove tricky. Because there are so many diverse forms，scholars often define story structure. known as narrative，by explaining what it is not. Exposition contrasts with narrative by being a simple，straightforward explanation，such as a list of facts or an encyclopedia entry. Another standard approach defines narrative as a series of causally linked events that unfold over time. A third definition draws on the typical narrative's subject matter：the interactions of intentional agents-characters with minds-who possess various motivations,However narrative is defined，people know it when they feel it. Whether fiction or nonfiction. a narrative engages its audience through psychological realism-recognizable emotions and believable interactions among characters.“Everyone has a natural detector for psychological realism，”says Raymond A. Mar，assistant professor of psychology at York University in Toronto. “We can tell when something rings false. ”But the best stories-those retold through generations and translated into other languages-do more than simply present a believable picture. These tales attract their audience. whose emotions can be closely tied to those of the story's characters. Such immersion(沉浸)is a state psychologists call“narrative transport”. Researchers have only begun figuring out the relations among the variables that can initiate narrative transport.The passage indicates that storytelling______.A．is becoming less and less popular in modem societiesB．attracts researchers' attention all through human historyC．is the best way to show the evolutionary past of human beingsD．is a common cultural phenomenon all through the known history
共用题干第二篇The Book of LifeSo far,scientists have named about 1.8 million living species,and that's just a fraction of what proba- bly exists on Earth.With so many plants,animals,and other creatures covering the planet,it can be toughto figure out what type of spider is moving up your leg or what kind of bird is flying by.A soon-to-be-launched Web site might help. An international team of researchers has announced thecreation of a Web-based Encyclopedia of Life(EoL).The project aims to catalog every species on Earth in asingle,easy-to-use reference guide.To get the encyclopedia started,the creators will use information from scientific databases that alreadyexist.And eventually,in special sections of the site,nonscientists with specialized knowledge will get to join in.Bird-watchers,for example,will be able to input which birds they've seen and where.The technologyfor this kind of tool has only recently become available.As the EoL develops, you might find it useful for school projects.The site will feature special pages forkids who are studying ecosystems（生态系统）in their neighborhoods. To make sure the encyclopedia isaccurate,scientists will review much of the information added to it. People who visit the site will be able tochoose to leave out pages that haven't been reviewed.Another convenient feature of the EoL is that you'll be able to pick the level of detail you see to matchyour interests,age,and current knowledge.If you wanted to learn about bears for a science class report,forexample,you could use the"novice"setting to get basic information about the animals.On the"expert" setting,on the other hand,you could get much more detailed information about the history,literature and exploration of bears.It now takes years for scientists to collect all the data they need to describe and analyze species.Thecreators of the Encyclopedia of Life hope that their new tool will speed that process."Spider" and"bird"mentioned in Paragraph 1 are examples to illustrate_______________.A:animals are people's friendsB:there are numerous living species on EarthC:it is easy to see spiders and birdsD:there are many types of spiders and birds
共用题干第二篇The Book of LifeSo far,scientists have named about 1.8 million living species,and that's just a fraction of what proba- bly exists on Earth.With so many plants,animals,and other creatures covering the planet,it can be toughto figure out what type of spider is moving up your leg or what kind of bird is flying by.A soon-to-be-launched Web site might help. An international team of researchers has announced thecreation of a Web-based Encyclopedia of Life(EoL).The project aims to catalog every species on Earth in asingle,easy-to-use reference guide.To get the encyclopedia started,the creators will use information from scientific databases that alreadyexist.And eventually,in special sections of the site,nonscientists with specialized knowledge will get to join in.Bird-watchers,for example,will be able to input which birds they've seen and where.The technologyfor this kind of tool has only recently become available.As the EoL develops, you might find it useful for school projects.The site will feature special pages forkids who are studying ecosystems（生态系统）in their neighborhoods. To make sure the encyclopedia isaccurate,scientists will review much of the information added to it. People who visit the site will be able tochoose to leave out pages that haven't been reviewed.Another convenient feature of the EoL is that you'll be able to pick the level of detail you see to matchyour interests,age,and current knowledge.If you wanted to learn about bears for a science class report,forexample,you could use the"novice"setting to get basic information about the animals.On the"expert" setting,on the other hand,you could get much more detailed information about the history,literature and exploration of bears.It now takes years for scientists to collect all the data they need to describe and analyze species.Thecreators of the Encyclopedia of Life hope that their new tool will speed that process.The goal of the creation of the EoL is to_______________.A:collect enough data to analyze the living species on EarthB:work out an easy-to-use catalog of every living species on EarthC:enlarge an existing Web site of the living species on EarthD:add new information to the existing databases of the living species on Earth
共用题干第二篇The Book of LifeSo far,scientists have named about 1.8 million living species,and that's just a fraction of what proba- bly exists on Earth.With so many plants,animals,and other creatures covering the planet,it can be toughto figure out what type of spider is moving up your leg or what kind of bird is flying by.A soon-to-be-launched Web site might help. An international team of researchers has announced thecreation of a Web-based Encyclopedia of Life(EoL).The project aims to catalog every species on Earth in asingle,easy-to-use reference guide.To get the encyclopedia started,the creators will use information from scientific databases that alreadyexist.And eventually,in special sections of the site,nonscientists with specialized knowledge will get to join in.Bird-watchers,for example,will be able to input which birds they've seen and where.The technologyfor this kind of tool has only recently become available.As the EoL develops, you might find it useful for school projects.The site will feature special pages forkids who are studying ecosystems（生态系统）in their neighborhoods. To make sure the encyclopedia isaccurate,scientists will review much of the information added to it. People who visit the site will be able tochoose to leave out pages that haven't been reviewed.Another convenient feature of the EoL is that you'll be able to pick the level of detail you see to matchyour interests,age,and current knowledge.If you wanted to learn about bears for a science class report,forexample,you could use the"novice"setting to get basic information about the animals.On the"expert" setting,on the other hand,you could get much more detailed information about the history,literature and exploration of bears.It now takes years for scientists to collect all the data they need to describe and analyze species.Thecreators of the Encyclopedia of Life hope that their new tool will speed that process.The word"novice"in Paragraph 5 could be best replaced by_______________.A:beginnerB:scientistC:creatorD:expert
If you look for the most visited websites in the world,what you find is a list of sites owned by western corporalions,confirmation of the degree to which the web has been capturecl by the corporate world.1.The idea that a significant encyclopedia could be created by allowing anyone to create pages on any topic seemed pretty improbable way back in 2001 when it was introduced by Jimmy Wales.That it could have evolved into the world's leading general reference work-and the fifth most visited website on the planet-is truly extraordinary.Since its establishment,it's been the butt of jokes,a focus for academic anger.2.Indeed,in specialist areas,Wikipedia pages are often written by experts and are usually the best places to gain an informed and up-to-date overview.Because Wikipedia is so vast and varied,the controversies it engenders have traditionally been about its content and rarely about its governance,which is a pity,because in some ways this is the most significant aspect of the project.3.Wikipedia's governance is a clever mix of technology,norms and processes.It started with the wiki technology invented by Ward Cunningham,which allowed anyone to write and publish live web pages,together with an acceptance that while"truth"might be unattainable,nevertheless achieving what it called"a neutral point of vrew"was a worthwhile aspiration.4.From the beginning,Wikipedia had a core of volunteer editors who shared common values and some substantive expertise.And sitting atop this structure was a founder,Jimmy Wales,who operated as a kind of benevolent dictator and an arbiter of last resort.From a contemporary perspective,though,the most significant design decision was that every page would have a public discussion page attached to it,which meant that there would be a record of all the arguments that had led to particular changes.Reading Wikipedia discussion pages provides a way of understanding how a particular proposition or assertion came to be made and how it evolved over time.5.But in a polarised political climate,it shows what can be done to preserve us from the madness of hysterical,uncivil,conspiracist discourse that now characterises social media.Which,among other things,explains why Susan Wojcicki.YouTube's CEO,recently announced that the video site will henceforth use excerpts from Wikipedia to counteract videos romoting conspiracy theories.This,wrote one commentator,"is,at first glance,odd.A megacorporation with billions of dollars and thousands of brilliant employees is...relying on a volunteer-run platform anyone can edit to fact-check information?"It is odd.But it's also a validation of Wikipedia's mission and a reminder of its importance.5选？A.There were no gatekeepers-anyone could create a page on any subject-but the technology,which enabled rapid reversion to a pre-edited version,provided an effective antidote to vandalism.B.The political events of the last two years should have alerted us to the fact that Wikipedia had to invent a way of tackling the problem that now confronts us at a global level:how to get at some approximation to the truih.C.Mainiaining"the neutral point of view"is relatively easy when writing about science topics or otherwise objectively verifiable subjects.But in other topics,such as politics and hisiory,bias and controversy inevitably arise.D.There is,however,one single ray of light in this depressing list.For there,in fifth place.is the antithesis to all of that:a site that embodies the potential of the internet to harness the collective intelligence of humanity-Wikipedia.E.In June 2006,Roy Rosenzweig,a professor specializing in American history,stated that Wikipedia often fails to distinguish important from trivial details,and does not provide the best references.He also complained about Wikipedia's lack of"persuasive analysis and interpretations,and clear and engaging prose".F.There was one moment when the vice-chancellor of a top university made a dismissive remark about Wikipedia,only to have a world-teading chemist in the audience icily retort that the pages on his speciality were the most up-to-date summary currently available anywhere-because he wrote them.G.It's like reading the transcript of an argument that has gone on for a long time-an attempt to track rationality in action.Like every other human-made thing,it s imperfect.
《大英百科全书》又称《不列颠百科全书》（Encyclopedia Britanllica），是现今仍然发行的最古老、篇幅最大的英语百科全书，也是世界公认最知名、最具权威性和学术性的百科全书。
问答题Passage 1 There was a time 1 parents who wanted an educational present for their children would buy a typewriter, a globe or an encyclopedia set. Now those 2 seem hopelessly old-fashioned: this Christmas, there were a lot of personal computers under the tree. Convinced that computers are their key 3 success, parents are also frantically insisting that children 4 taught to use them on school as early as possible. The problem for schools is that when 5 comes to computers, parents don't always know best. Many schools are yielding to parental impatience and are purchasing hardware 6 sound educational planning so they can say, "OK, we've moved into the computer age." Teachers found themselves 7 in the middle of the problem--between parent pressure and wise educational decisions. Educators do not even agree 8 how computers should be used. A lot of money is going for computerized educational materials that research has shown can be taught just as well 9 pencil and paper. Even those 10 believe that all children should have access to computers warn of potential dangers to the very young. The temptation remains strong largely because young children adapt so well 11 computers. First graders have been seen willing to work for two hours on math skills. Some have an attention span of 20 minutes. Not every school, 12 , can afford to go into computing, and that 13 yet another problem: a division between the haves and have-nots. Very few parents ask 14 computer instructions in poor school districts, in 15 there may be barely enough money to pay the teacher.
单选题Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?ABoth Compton’s and World Book are encyclopedias.BEncarta Encyclopedia is giving way to Encyclopedia Britannica.CThe sales of Encyclopedia Britannica have been going down dramatically over the past Decade.DEncyclopedia Britannica opens its Web site to attract more readers.
单选题The author cites the example of Encyclopedia Britannica at the beginning of the passage mainly to show that ______.Aits Web site is the target of millions of hackersBthe Web site can be repaired soonCit is one of the major signs of knowledge explosionDit is the symbol of the arrival of encyclopedic age
判断题《大英百科全书》又称《不列颠百科全书》（Encyclopedia Britanllica），是现今仍然发行的最古老、篇幅最大的英语百科全书，也是世界公认最知名、最具权威性和学术性的百科全书。A对B错