Why Have Formal Documents?Finally, writing the decisions down is essential. Only when one writes do the gaps appear and the （ ） protrude(突出). The act of writing turns out to require hundreds of mini-decisions, and it is the existence of these that distinguishes clear, exact policies from fuzzy ones.Second, the documents will communicate the decisions to others. The manager will be continually amazed that policies he took for common knowledge are totally unknown by some member of his team. Since his fundamental job is to keep everybody going in the （ ） direction, his chief daily task will be communication, not decision-making, and his documents will immensely （请作答此空） this load.Finally, a manager’s documents give him a data base and checklist. By reviewing them （ ） he sees where he is, and he sees what changes of emphasis or shifts in direction are needed.The task of the manager is to develop a plan and then to realize it. But only the written plan is precise and communicable. Such a plan consists of documents on what, when, how much, where, and who. This small set of critical documents （ ） much of the manager’s work. If their comprehensive and critical nature is recognized in the beginning, the manager can approach them as friendly tools rather than annoying busywork. He will set his direction much more crisply and quickly by doing so..A． EXTEND B． BROADEN C． LIGHTEN D．RELEASE
Why Have Formal Documents?Finally, writing the decisions down is essential. Only when one writes do the gaps appear and the （ ） protrude(突出). The act of writing turns out to require hundreds of mini-decisions, and it is the existence of these that distinguishes clear, exact policies from fuzzy ones.Second, the documents will communicate the decisions to others. The manager will be continually amazed that policies he took for common knowledge are totally unknown by some member of his team. Since his fundamental job is to keep everybody going in the （ ） direction, his chief daily task will be communication, not decision-making, and his documents will immensely （请作答此空） this load.Finally, a manager’s documents give him a data base and checklist. By reviewing them （ ） he sees where he is, and he sees what changes of emphasis or shifts in direction are needed.The task of the manager is to develop a plan and then to realize it. But only the written plan is precise and communicable. Such a plan consists of documents on what, when, how much, where, and who. This small set of critical documents （ ） much of the manager’s work. If their comprehensive and critical nature is recognized in the beginning, the manager can approach them as friendly tools rather than annoying busywork. He will set his direction much more crisply and quickly by doing so..
A． EXTEND
B． BROADEN
C． LIGHTEN
D．RELEASE
B． BROADEN
C． LIGHTEN
D．RELEASE
参考解析
解析：解析：翻译：在这个世界上，似乎我们有太多的事情要去做，有太多的事情要去思考，那么需要做的最后一件事就是必须学习新事物。而用例恰恰可以解决带有需求的问题：如果具有（ ）声明的需求，则很难描述事件的步骤和序列。简单地说，用例可以将事件序列的说明放在一起，引导系统完成有用的任务。正如听起来一样简单——这很重要。在面对很多需求的时候，通常（ ）理解需求的作者真正想要系统做什么。在前面的例子中，通过指定特定行为发生的时间和条件，用例减少了需求的不确定性。这样的话，行为的顺序就可以当作是一种需求。用例特别适用于捕捉这类需求。尽管听起来可能很简单，但事实情况是由于（请作答此空）需求捕捉方法所侧重的是声明需求和“应该怎么样”的陈述，因此完全无法捕捉系统行为的（ ）方面。用例是一种简单而有效的表达系统行为的方式，使用这种方式所有参与者都很容易理解。但是与任何事物一样，用例也存在自己的问题——在用例非常有用的同时，人们也可能（ ）它，结果就产生了比原来更为糟糕的问题。因此重点在于：如何有效地使用用例，而又不会产生出比原来更严重的问题。A．现代的B．常规的C．不同的D．正式的
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DIt is true that good writers rewrite and rewrite and then rewrite some more. But in order to work up the desire to rewrite, it is important to learn to like what you write at the early stage.I am surprised at the number of famous writers I know who say that they so dislike reading their own writing later that they even hate to look over the publishers’ opinions. One reason we may dislike reading our own work is that we’re often disappointed that the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain when first written down. Jerry Fodor and Steven Pinker suggest that this fact may be a result of how our minds work. .Different from popular belief ,we do not usually think in the works and sentences of ordinary language but in symbols for ideas （known as “mentalese”）, and writing our ideas down is an act of translation from that symbolic language . But while mentalese contains our thoughts in the form. of a complex tapestry （织锦），writing can only be composed one thread at a time . Therefore it should not be surprising that our first attempt at expressing ideas should look so simple. It is only by repeatedly rewriting that we produces new threads and connect them to get closer to the ideas formed in our minds.When people write as if some strict critics （批评家） are looking over their shoulder , they are so worried about what this critic might say that they get stuck before they even start. Peter Elbow makes an excellent suggestion to deal with this problem. When writing we should have two different minds. At the first stage, we should see every idea, as well as the words we use to express it ,as wonderful and worth putting down . It is only during rewrites that we should examine what we excitedly wrote in the first stage and check for weaknesses.68. What do we learn from the text about those famous writers?A They often regret writing poor worksB Some of them write surprisingly much.C Many of them hate reading their own worksD They are happy to review the publishers’ opinions.
Text 4American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form. that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s
回答 68 ~ 70 题：It is true that good writers rewrite and rewrite and then rewrite some more .But in order to work up the desire to rewrite ,it is important to learn to like what you write at the early stage.I am surprised at the number of famouw writers I know who say that they so dislike reading their own writing later that they even hate to look over the publishers’ opinions .One reason we may dislike reading our own work is that we’re often disappointed that the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain whern first written down .Jerry Fodor and Steven Pinker suggest that this fact may be a result of how our minds work..Different from popular belief ,wen do not usually think in the works and sentences of ordinary language but in symbois for ideas (known as “mentalese”), and writing our ideas down is an act of transtation from that symbolic language .But while mentalese contains our thoughts in the form. of a complex tapestry (织锦)，writing can only be composed one thread at a time .Therefone it should not be surprising that our first attempt at expressing ideas should look so simple .It si only by repeatedly rewrting that wen producs new threads and connect them to get closer to the ideas formed in our minds.When people write as if some strict critics (批评家) are looking over their shoulder , they are so worried about what this critic might say that they get stuck before they even start.Peter Elbow makes an excellent suggestion to deal with this problem .When writing wen should have two different minds .At the first stage ,we should see every idea ,as well as the words we use to express it ,as wonderful and worth putting down .It is only during rewrites that we should examine what wen excitedly wrote in the first stage and check for weaknesses .第13题：What do wen learn frome the text about those famous writers?A． They often regret writing poor worksB． Some of them write surprisinglymuch .C． Many of them hate reading their own worksD． They are happy to revlew the publishers’ opinions.
If I()out of ink, I would have finished writing the paper. A、hadn't runB、shouldn't runC、haven't runD、didn't run
Why should banks need to establish formal operating procedures?A．The supervisory authorities require them to do so.B．The shareholders expect a reasonable return on their investment.C．The banks have to keep safe large volume of monetary items raised from all sources.D．The banks engage in a large volume and variety of transactions.
He promised to act as a chairman so I am afraid he can’t ____it now, there is no one else to do it. A、get along withB、get down uponC、get out ofD、get away with
— ______— Oh, it's a piece of cake、I love writing. A、Do you like the writing classB、How do you feel about your writing classC、have another piece of cakeD、Could you help me
We have kept( )our friendship by writing to each other, so we are true friends.A. backB. upC. offD. down
Why not________your teacher for help when you can’t finish ________it by yourself?A.ask,write B.to ask,writing C.ask,writing D.asking,write
When loading a tanker，you should ______．A.load only one tank at a timeB.keep the seamen on watch on standby in the mess roomC.keep a strain on the loading hosesD.close valves by closing them down，reopening one or two turns，and re-closing
Which of the following writing activities may be used to develop students′ skill of planningA.Editing their writing in groups.B.Self-checking punctuations in their writing.C.Sorting out ideas and putting them in order.D.Cross-checking the language in their writing.
The origins of human speech remain a mystery,__________ we have a fairly accurate idea of when writing began.A．onceB．ifC．thoughD．since
The origins of human speech remain a mystery,__________ we have a fairly accurate idea of when writing began.A. onceB. ifC. thoughD. since
Writing out all the invitations by hand was more time-consuming than we_____________A.expectB.had expectedC.are expectingD.have expected
Why Have Formal Documents?First, writing g the decisions down is essential． Only when one writes do the gaps appear and the（ ）protrude（突出）． The act of writing tums out to require hundreds of mini-decisions, and it is the existence of these that distinguishes clear, exact policies from fuzzy ones． Second, the documents will communicate the decisions to others． The manager will be continually amazed that policies he took for common knowledge are totally unknown by some member of his team． Since his fundamental job is to keep everybody going in the （ ）direction, his chief daily task will be communication, not decision-making, and his documents will be immensely （ ） this load．Finally, a manager's documents give him a data base and checklist． By reviewing them（请作答此空） he sees where he is, and he sees what changes of emphasis or shifts in direction are needed． The task of the manager is to develop a plan and then to realize it． But only the written plan is precise and communicable． Such a pl an consists of documents on what, when, how much,where, and who． This small set of critical documents （ ）much of the managerr's work．If their comprehensive and critical nature is recognized in the-l' beginning, the managercan approach them as friendly tools rather than annoying busywork． He will set his direction much more crisply and quickly by doing so．A.periodicallyB.occasionallyC.infrequentlyD.rarely
共用题干Spelling and WritingThere is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill.There are , however , vastly different ideas about how to teach it , or how much priority（优先）it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is,how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teacher's interest,clearly a bright child will be likely to"play safe".He will tend to write only words within his spelling range,choosing to avoid adventurous language .That's why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal ex- perience:"This work is terrible!There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is illegible（难以辨认的）."It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil's technical abilities in writing,but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay,which contamned some beautiful expressions of the child's deep feelings.The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors,but if his priorities had centered on the child's ideas,an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.The expression"play safe"probably means"______".A: to rflte carefullyB: to do as teachers sayC: to use dictionaries frequentlyD: to avoid using words one is not sure of
资料：When we see well，we do not think about our eyes very often. It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are.People who are near-sighted can only see things that are very close to their eyes，Everything else seems blurry（=unclear）.Many people who do a lot of work，such as writing，reading and sewing become near-sighted.People who are far-sighted suffer from just the opposite problem. They can see things that are far away，but they have difficulty in reading a book unless they hold it at arm’s length. If they want to do much reading，they must get glasses，too.Other people do not see clearly because their eyes are not exactly the right shape. They have what is called astigmatism. This，too，can be corrected by glasses. Some people’s eyes become cloudy because of cataracts. Long ago these people often became blind. Now，however，it is possible to operate on the cataracts and remove them.Having two good eyes is important for judging distances. Each eye sees things from a slightly different angle. To prove this to yourself，look at an object out of one eye；Then look at the same object out of your other eye. You will find the object’s relation to the background and other things around it has changed. The difference between these two different eye views helps us to judge how far away an object is. People who have only one eye cannot judge distance as people with two eyes.When things far away seem indistinct， one is probably______.A.astigmaticB.far-sightedC.suffering from cataractsD.near-sighted
资料：When we see well，we do not think about our eyes very often. It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are.People who are near-sighted can only see things that are very close to their eyes，Everything else seems blurry（=unclear）.Many people who do a lot of work，such as writing，reading and sewing become near-sighted.People who are far-sighted suffer from just the opposite problem. They can see things that are far away，but they have difficulty in reading a book unless they hold it at arm’s length. If they want to do much reading，they must get glasses，too.Other people do not see clearly because their eyes are not exactly the right shape. They have what is called astigmatism. This，too，can be corrected by glasses. Some people’s eyes become cloudy because of cataracts. Long ago these people often became blind. Now，however，it is possible to operate on the cataracts and remove them.Having two good eyes is important for judging distances. Each eye sees things from a slightly different angle. To prove this to yourself，look at an object out of one eye；Then look at the same object out of your other eye. You will find the object’s relation to the background and other things around it has changed. The difference between these two different eye views helps us to judge how far away an object is. People who have only one eye cannot judge distance as people with two eyes.We should take good care of our eyes______.A.even if we can see wellB.only when we cannot see perfectlyC.only when we realize how important our eyes areD.only when we can see well
Why Have Formal Documents Finally, writing the decisions down is essential. Only when one writes do the gaps appear and the (71) protrude(突出). The act of writing turns out to require hundreds of mini-decisions, and it is the existence of these that distinguishes clear, exact policies from fuzzy ones.Second, the documents will communicate the decisions to others. The manager will be continually amazed that policies he took for common knowledge are totally unknown by some member of his team. Since his fundamental job is to keep everybody going in the (72) direction, his chief daily task will be communication, not decision-making, and his documents will immensely (73) this load.Finally, a manager’s documents give him a data base and checklist. By reviewing them (74) he sees where he is, and he sees what changes of emphasis or shifts in direction are needed.The task of the manager is to develop a plan and then to realize it. But only the written plan is precise and communicable. Such a plan consists of documents on what, when, how much, where, and who. This small set of critical documents ( ) much of the manager’s work. If their comprehensive and critical nature is recognized in the beginning, the manager can approach them as friendly tools rather than annoying busywork. He will set his direction much more crisply and quickly by doing so..A.decidesB.encapsulatesC.realizesD.recognizes
Which of the following best states the author’s attitude toward the information that scholars have gathered about Proust’s writing in 1909？( ) A.The author is disappointed that no new documents have come to light since Fallois’speculations. B.The author is dissatisfied because there are too many gaps and inconsistencies in the drafts. C.The author is confident that Fallois’s 1954 guess has been proved largely correct，but regrets that still more detailed documentation concerning Proust’s transition from the essay to the novel has not emerged. D.The author is satisfied that the facts of Proust’s life in 1909 have been thoroughly established，but believes such documents as drafts and correspondence are only of limited value in a critical assessment of Proust’s writing.
We have kept（）our friendship by writing to each other, so we are true friends.A、backB、upC、offD、down
When comparing java.io.BufferedWriter to java.io.FileWriter， which capability exists as a method in only one of the two？（） A、 closing the streamB、 flushing the streamC、 writing to the streamD、 marking a location in the streamE、 writing a line separator to the stream
单选题When yon（）an agent, it is usual to（）the appointment in writing.Aappoint，makeBwant，makeCneed，makeDneed，do
单选题Passage 2Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech orin writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do theyaspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: TheDegradation of Language and Music and Why We Should ,Like, Care, JohnMcWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservativeviews ,sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the declineof formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yetanother criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academicspeciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradualdisappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettablethan the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal ,“doing our ownthing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. Whileeven the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paperbefore the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought tocapture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal,performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In bothoral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity overcraft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both highand low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But itis less clear, to take the question of his subtitle ,why we should, like, care.As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, includingnon-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there existsno language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is notarguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do nottalk proper. Russians have a deep lovefor their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in theirheads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashionedto most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorteracknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes noradical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of somethingbeautiful more than useful. We now takeour English "on paper platesinstead of china". A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.The word "talking" (Para. 3) denotes _________.AmodestyBpersonalityClivelinessDinformality
单选题Which of the following writing activities may be used to develop students´ skill of planning?AEditing their writing in groups.BSelf-checking punctuations in their writing.CSorting out ideas and putting them in order.DCross-checking the language in their writing.
单选题When do Americans prefer to use their family names?AWhen they are working.BWhen writing a business letter.CThey use their family names on formal occasions.DWhen they are in trouble
单选题When comparing java.io.BufferedWriter to java.io.FileWriter， which capability exists as a method in only one of the two？（）A closing the streamB flushing the streamC writing to the streamD marking a location in the streamE writing a line separator to the stream