单选题“Insufficiency of manning or insufficiency of certification of seafarers” is an identification of a（）Asubstandard shipBstandard shipCover-standard shipDreference ship
单选题
“Insufficiency of manning or insufficiency of certification of seafarers” is an identification of a（）
A
substandard ship
B
standard ship
C
over-standard ship
D
reference ship
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Youmaywant__thatyourmessagehasbeensentorrecordofwhatwassaid. A.proveB.evidenceC.attestD.certification
"Insufficiency of manning or insufficiency of certification of seafarers" is an identification of aA.substandard shipB.standard shipC.over-standard shipD.reference ship
材料：The 1978 STCW Convention was the first to establish basic requirements on training, certification and watch-keeping for seafarers on an international level. Previously the standards of training, certification and watch-keeping of officers and ratings were established by individual governments, usually without reference to practices in other countries. As a result standards and procedures varied widely, even though shipping is the most international of all industries.The Convention prescribes minimum standards relating to training, certification and watch-keeping for seafarers which countries are obliged to meet or exceed.The Convention did not deal with manning levels: IMO provisions in this area are covered by regulation 13 of Chapter V of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, whose requirements are backed up by resolution A.890(21) Principles of safe manning, adopted by the IMO Assembly in 1999, which replaced an earlier resolution A.481(XII) adopted in 1981.The Articles of the Convention include requirements relating to issues surrounding certification and Port State Control.One especially important feature of the Convention is that it applies to ships of non-party States when visiting ports of States which are Parties to the Convention. Article X requires Parties to apply the control measures to ships of all flags to the extent necessary to ensure that no more favorable treatment is given to ships entitled to fly the flag of a State which is not a Party than is given to ships entitled to fly the flag of a State that is a Party.The difficulties which could arise for ships of States which are not Parties to the Convention is one reason why the Convention has received such wide acceptance. By December 2000, the STCW Convention had 135 Parties, representing 97.53 percent of world shipping tonnage.问题：Before the establish of the STCW78, the standards of training, certification and watch-keeping of seafarers _____.A.were established by IMOB.were established by a famous organizationC.were established by individual governments with reference to practices in other countriesD.varied widely among countriesThe regulation 13 of Chapter V of the SOLAS 1974 covered _____.A.the manning of shipsB.the standards of training certificationC.the standards of trainingD.the standards of watch-keepingOne especially important feature of the STCW Convention is _____.A.the adoption of the policy “ more favorable treatment”B.“ no more favorable treatment” to Non-parties of the conventionC.the adoption of the minimum standardsD.the adoption of the obligatory standardsOne reason why the Convention has received such wide acceptance is _____.A.that it is only the minimum standardsB.that it is the obligatory standardsC.that it is established by IMOD.difficulties could arise for ships entitled to fly the flag of a Non-Party State请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
If the insufficiency of the packing was apparent on reasonable inspection，the Shipowner cannot ______ the exception of insufficiency of packing．A.rely inB.rely uponC.rely withD.rely to
材料：The carrier who does not pack a container cannot determine the sufficiency of packing of individual cartons within the container．Thus the carrier is not estopped from proving the insufficiency of packing of the GOODs within the container stuffed and sealed by the shipper，even where the carrier has issued a clean bill of lading．The principle of estoppel only applies to the apparent order and condition of the exterior of the container．The carrier has no duty to inspect the cargo of the shipper-packed container，unless its packaging is apparently inadequate or the shipper has given the carrier special instructions as to the special requirements of the cargo．This view places the burden of inspection and ascertainment of special stowage needs on the party most likely to know of or best equipped to discover such needs．Both the condition of the container and the packing of the individual objects inside are important．The condition of the container supplied by a shipper may preclude recovery by cargo interests in various situations，for example，where the containers insufficient ventilation causes the GOODs to spoil．Improper packing of objects（e.g．defective“stuffing”of GOODs into a container）may also constitute a case of insufficiency of packing by the shipper．For example，antiques，furniture，porcelain and crystal had been shipped in containers．The porcelain and crystal which had been packed in cartons suffered no damage，but the furniture and antiques which had only been wrapped in paper were damaged. The carrier was not held responsible as the packing was deemed to be insufficient．问题：If the carrier has issued a clean bill of lading for the general cargo on board of his ship，he will be ________．A.precluded from recovery of any loss or damage from any interestsB.prevented from making a denial that the cargo was packed in apparently GOOD order and conditionC.entitled to make any allegation that contradicts what he has previously stated that the cargo was properly packedD.estopped from proving the sufficiency of packing of the GOODsIt is inferred that this passage prepared to protect the interests of ________．A.the shipperB.the supplier of containersC.the cargo interestsD.the carrierIt is implied in the passage that ________．A.the carrier will not be responsible for the damage to a cargo contained in a container supplied by the carrierB.the carrier will in no way be responsible for the damage to a cargo contained in a container supplied by the shipperC.the carrier will be estopped from proving the insufficiency of packing of the GOODs within the container stuffed and sealed by the shipper even he has issued a clean bill of ladingD.by the principle of estoppel，the carrier will not be held responsible even the cargoes，such as antiques，furniture，porcelain and crystal，had been shipped in one containerThe insufficient ventilation of a container supplied by a shipper that causes the GOODs to spoil may preclude recovery ________．A.by the cargo interests against the carrierB.by the carrier against the ownersC.by the shipper against cargo interestsD.by the carrier against the cargo interests请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
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单选题If the insufficiency of the packing was apparent on reasonable inspection，the Shipowner cannot（）the exception of insufficiency of packing.Arely inBrely uponCrely withDrely to
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