问答题Passage 1Fanwall Noise BarrierNoise generated by traffic on arterial roads and freeways is an increasing problem in Australia and there is growing concern among highways authorities in Australia about the limitations of some types of noise barriers which have been installed in this country. The Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) in Sydney faced a problem when it decided to proceed with the link between Concord Road at Rhodes and the F4 Freeway at Homebush (Country Road 5030) as the new arterial would deliver heavy traffic right past the backyards of suburban homes. This was because the RTA had purchased and removed a number of houses to allow the new corridor to be built, exposing to road traffic noises houses which were once located in a quiet back street. Initially, the RTA had proposed to erect a new timber fence, replacing the existing suburban fences, to act as a noise barrier. Timber noise barriers were used quite extensively on the recently constructed F3 Freeway link from Pearce’s Comer to Berowra. However, RTA engineers have become more acutely aware of noise and the problems which arise if ineffective noise barriers are installed. They also appreciate the benefits of early consultations with the affected residents and local councils. Residents of the area were fully briefed on the appearances, the performance and the benefits of various types of noise barriers. The majority opted for the Fanwall barrier, which also provides security advantages to the householders. The Fanwall barrier to be installed at Rhodes is the first to be erected in Australia. Fanwall barriers have been used in the United States and have been very effective at noise attenuation with up to 10 dB reduction in noise level reached at L.A. International Airport. Similar success has been achieved in various highway projects right across the USA. In the USA, concrete has proved to be the most popular material for constructing noise barrier walls. As is happening in Australia, early barrier designs opted for low timber barriers selected largely on the basis of cost. However, low barriers are not effective and high timber barriers have become much more expensive. In addition to this poor durability of timber fences, the combination of initial capital cost, maintenance costs and replacement cost quickly makes timber barriers very expensive. The advantages of concrete include low capital cost and durability. Furthermore, concrete barriers can be engineered for a variety of site condition and architectural finishes can be applied to enhance aesthetics. Fanwall is a two-component, modular, free-standing pre-cast concrete noise barrier which can be cheaply and quickly erected on a variety of foundation conditions. The wall is engineered to be stable under design wind load conditions while maintaining relatively low bearing pressures on the foundation soils. Therefore, like the timber barriers, the Fanwall barrier can be built without expensive concrete footings or piles, speeding the construction time up and reducing costs. Furthermore, Fanwall is maintenance free and it is not susceptible to damage by fire and vandalism. Because the Fanwall barriers are engineered into a modular form, construction is easily staged. At Rhodes, the Fanwall noise barrier will be built in three stages commencing in mid August. Staging will enable further consultation with local residents and allow access to be maintained across the site via local roads. However, most importantly, the greater proportion of the barrier will be in place prior to the road corridor being constructed, reducing the effect of construction noise. In the passage, the writer describes a planning process, problems and issues which arise, and the steps taken to deal with them. From the list of situations and possible actions below (A-I), select the steps taken to deal with the problems and issues, as outlined in the reading passage. Write the appropriate letter (A-I) in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. 1. Problem 1 2. Cause of problem 1 3. Proposed solution to problem 1 4. Objection-potential problem 2 5. Procedure 6. The final solution to problem 1Situations and Possible ActionsA. RTA purchase of housesB. Concern about the effectiveness of some noise barriersC. Suburban houses to be exposed to heavy traffic noiseD. Erect a Fanwall noise barrierE. Construction of a new freeway linkF. Concern about purchase of houses by the RTAG. Consult with local residentsH. Erect a large timber noise barrierI. Change the route of the new freeway
问答题
Passage 1Fanwall Noise BarrierNoise generated by traffic on arterial roads and freeways is an increasing problem in Australia and there is growing concern among highways authorities in Australia about the limitations of some types of noise barriers which have been installed in this country. The Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) in Sydney faced a problem when it decided to proceed with the link between Concord Road at Rhodes and the F4 Freeway at Homebush (Country Road 5030) as the new arterial would deliver heavy traffic right past the backyards of suburban homes. This was because the RTA had purchased and removed a number of houses to allow the new corridor to be built, exposing to road traffic noises houses which were once located in a quiet back street. Initially, the RTA had proposed to erect a new timber fence, replacing the existing suburban fences, to act as a noise barrier. Timber noise barriers were used quite extensively on the recently constructed F3 Freeway link from Pearce’s Comer to Berowra. However, RTA engineers have become more acutely aware of noise and the problems which arise if ineffective noise barriers are installed. They also appreciate the benefits of early consultations with the affected residents and local councils. Residents of the area were fully briefed on the appearances, the performance and the benefits of various types of noise barriers. The majority opted for the Fanwall barrier, which also provides security advantages to the householders. The Fanwall barrier to be installed at Rhodes is the first to be erected in Australia. Fanwall barriers have been used in the United States and have been very effective at noise attenuation with up to 10 dB reduction in noise level reached at L.A. International Airport. Similar success has been achieved in various highway projects right across the USA. In the USA, concrete has proved to be the most popular material for constructing noise barrier walls. As is happening in Australia, early barrier designs opted for low timber barriers selected largely on the basis of cost. However, low barriers are not effective and high timber barriers have become much more expensive. In addition to this poor durability of timber fences, the combination of initial capital cost, maintenance costs and replacement cost quickly makes timber barriers very expensive. The advantages of concrete include low capital cost and durability. Furthermore, concrete barriers can be engineered for a variety of site condition and architectural finishes can be applied to enhance aesthetics. Fanwall is a two-component, modular, free-standing pre-cast concrete noise barrier which can be cheaply and quickly erected on a variety of foundation conditions. The wall is engineered to be stable under design wind load conditions while maintaining relatively low bearing pressures on the foundation soils. Therefore, like the timber barriers, the Fanwall barrier can be built without expensive concrete footings or piles, speeding the construction time up and reducing costs. Furthermore, Fanwall is maintenance free and it is not susceptible to damage by fire and vandalism. Because the Fanwall barriers are engineered into a modular form, construction is easily staged. At Rhodes, the Fanwall noise barrier will be built in three stages commencing in mid August. Staging will enable further consultation with local residents and allow access to be maintained across the site via local roads. However, most importantly, the greater proportion of the barrier will be in place prior to the road corridor being constructed, reducing the effect of construction noise. In the passage, the writer describes a planning process, problems and issues which arise, and the steps taken to deal with them. From the list of situations and possible actions below (A-I), select the steps taken to deal with the problems and issues, as outlined in the reading passage. Write the appropriate letter (A-I) in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. 1. Problem 1 2. Cause of problem 1 3. Proposed solution to problem 1 4. Objection-potential problem 2 5. Procedure 6. The final solution to problem 1Situations and Possible ActionsA. RTA purchase of housesB. Concern about the effectiveness of some noise barriersC. Suburban houses to be exposed to heavy traffic noiseD. Erect a Fanwall noise barrierE. Construction of a new freeway linkF. Concern about purchase of houses by the RTAG. Consult with local residentsH. Erect a large timber noise barrierI. Change the route of the new freeway
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What is the price of anarchy?Technically,in transportation engineering,the price of anarchy describes the difference between what happens when every driver selfishly picks the fastest route and what the socially optimal traffic outcome would be.In the pre-mobile-app days,drivers'selfishness was limited by their knowledge of the road network.In those conditions,both simulation and real-world experience showed that most people stuck to the freeways and arterial roads.Sure,there were always people who knew the crazy,back-road route but the bulk of people just stuck to the routes that transportation planners had designated as the preferred way to get from a to B But a new body of research at the University of California's Institute of Transportation Studies suggests that the reality is far more complicated.In some scenarios,traffic-beating apps might work for an individual,but make congestion worse overall.And autonomous vehicles,touted as an answer to traffic streets,could deepen the problem This problem has been vastly overlooked,"Alexandre Bayen,the director of UC Berkeley,'s Institute of Transportation Studies,told me.It is just the beginning of something that is gonna be much worse.The situation then gets much worse because hundreds of people just like you want to go on the side streets,which were never designed to handle the traffic,Bayen says."So,now,in addition to congesting the freeway,you've also congested the side streets and the intersections While it's clear that these apps can put stress on local side streets,we still don't know what effect they may have on highways,or for traffic systems as a whole.This is an open problem,said Bayen Hence,we need to be very cautious in our conclusions They re building on pioneering work by researchers like Hani Mahmassani into the role of real-time information in shaping traffic conditions.In 1991,Mahmassani challenged what he took to be"possible misconceptions that information will automatically lead to improvements in traffic conditions.He was not alone.That same year,other researchers noted that information can cause drivers to change their departure times in such a way as to exacerbate congestion Nonetheless,most of this early work showed that when the percentage of drivers with access to in formation was low there was a major benefit for better-informed drivers.So,in the early days of Waze and Google Maps and automated routing at UPS,many individuals did experience substantial benefits rom these applications.The roads,as a whole,were probably also flowing better.Bayen does,in fact,have a suggestion for improving these apps,but the companies might not like it.He thinks the apps should spread out drivers on different routes intentionally,which would require collaboration among the mapping apps.Given the cutthroat nature of competition in Silicon valley thats a tough sell but it might help bring down the price of anarchyPeople can benefit from mapping apps whenA.there are more traffic apps availableB.only a minority of drivers use the appsC.the roads are in better conditionD.the apps are more intelligent
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Life gets noisier every day and very few people can free from noise of some sort or another.It doesn′t matter where you live--in the middle of a modem city,or a faraway village--the chances that you will be disturbed by jet aero planes,transistor radios,oil powered engines,etc.,are almost everywhere.We seem to be getting used to noise,too.Some people feel quite lonely without background music while they are working.Scientific tests have shown that total silence can be very frightening experience for human beings.However,some people enjoy listening to pop music which is very loud,and this can do harm to their eardrums（耳鼓）.The noise level in some disco is far above the usual safety level for heavy industrial areas.One recent report about noise and concentration（专心）suggested that although a lot of people say that any noise disturbs their concentration,what really affects their ability to concentrate is a change in the level of noise.It goes on to say that a background noise,which doesn′t change too much（music,for example）may even help people to concentrate."Background music"in the passage meansA.music played in the concertB.a kind of noise coming into your earsC.music which helps people to concentrateD.music played while people are working
Life gets noisier every day and very few people can free from noise of some sort or another.It doesn′t matter where you live--in the middle of a modem city,or a faraway village--the chances that you will be disturbed by jet aero planes,transistor radios,oil powered engines,etc.,are almost everywhere.We seem to be getting used to noise,too.Some people feel quite lonely without background music while they are working.Scientific tests have shown that total silence can be very frightening experience for human beings.However,some people enjoy listening to pop music which is very loud,and this can do harm to their eardrums（耳鼓）.The noise level in some disco is far above the usual safety level for heavy industrial areas.One recent report about noise and concentration（专心）suggested that although a lot of people say that any noise disturbs their concentration,what really affects their ability to concentrate is a change in the level of noise.It goes on to say that a background noise,which doesn′t change too much（music,for example）may even help people to concentrate.From this passage,the pollution of noiseA.doesn't matter muchB.has become worse everywhereC.has become better in big citiesD.has become better in villages
Life gets noisier every day and very few people can free from noise of some sort or another.It doesn′t matter where you live--in the middle of a modem city,or a faraway village--the chances that you will be disturbed by jet aero planes,transistor radios,oil powered engines,etc.,are almost everywhere.We seem to be getting used to noise,too.Some people feel quite lonely without background music while they are working.Scientific tests have shown that total silence can be very frightening experience for human beings.However,some people enjoy listening to pop music which is very loud,and this can do harm to their eardrums（耳鼓）.The noise level in some disco is far above the usual safety level for heavy industrial areas.One recent report about noise and concentration（专心）suggested that although a lot of people say that any noise disturbs their concentration,what really affects their ability to concentrate is a change in the level of noise.It goes on to say that a background noise,which doesn′t change too much（music,for example）may even help people to concentrate.Some people may have their hearing hurtA.while they are in complete silenceB.while they are dancing violentlyC.while they are listening to pop musicD.while they are listening to soft music
Life gets noisier every day and very few people can free from noise of some sort or another.It doesn′t matter where you live--in the middle of a modem city,or a faraway village--the chances that you will be disturbed by jet aero planes,transistor radios,oil powered engines,etc.,are almost everywhere.We seem to be getting used to noise,too.Some people feel quite lonely without background music while they are working.Scientific tests have shown that total silence can be very frightening experience for human beings.However,some people enjoy listening to pop music which is very loud,and this can do harm to their eardrums（耳鼓）.The noise level in some disco is far above the usual safety level for heavy industrial areas.One recent report about noise and concentration（专心）suggested that although a lot of people say that any noise disturbs their concentration,what really affects their ability to concentrate is a change in the level of noise.It goes on to say that a background noise,which doesn′t change too much（music,for example）may even help people to concentrate.Scientists have discovered that what prevents people from concentrating isA.any kind of noiseB.great changes in level of noiseC.background,noiseD.various background music
There are some reasons for the increasing of the Australia’s economy，except( ) A.its open investment environment B.business friendly regulatory approach C.its trade and economic links with emerging economies D.its unique geographical location in northern hemisphere
Such problem （）air, water, and noise pollutions are becoming more and more serious in some big cities.AlikeBasCofDabout
Such problem （）air, water, and noise pollutions are becoming more and more serious in some big cities.A、likeB、asC、ofD、about
Which signal and noise values will result in the best phone communication with an access point？（）A、 Signal strength 0dBm， noise level 6dBmB、 Signal strength 8dBm， noise level 9dBmC、 Signal strength 4 dBm， noise level 4 dBmD、 Signal strength 6dBm， noise level 5 dBm
问答题Directions:There is one passage in this section with 5 statements. Go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet. For questions 1-5, mark Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. Highways Early in the 20th century, most of the streets and roads in the U.S. were made of dirt, bricks, and cedar wood blocks. Built for horse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate (容纳) automobiles. With the increase in auto production, private turnpike (收费公路) companies under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John MacAdam (for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specifications stressed the importance of adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War I, roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks. When General Eisenhower returned from Germany in 1919, after serving in the U.S. Army’s first transcontinental motor convoy (车队), he noted,“The old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany’s Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.” It would take another war before the federal government would act on a national highway system. During World War II, a tremendous increase in trucks and new roads were required. The war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort. Thirteen percent of defense plants received all their supplies by truck, and almost all other plants shipped more than half of their products by vehicle. The war also revealed that local control of highways had led to a confusing variety of design standards. Even federal and state highways did not follow basic standards. Some states allowed trucks up to 36,000 pounds, while others restricted anything over 7,000 pounds. A government study recommended a national highway system of 33,920 miles, and Congress soon passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, which called for strict, centrally controlled design criteria. The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century. To build its 44,000-mile web of highways, bridges and tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out. Consider the many geographic features of the country: mountains, steep grades, wetlands, rivers, deserts, and plains. Variables included the slope of the land, the ability of the pavement to support the load, the intensity of road use, and the nature of the underlying soil. Urban areas were another problem. Innovative designs of roadways, tunnels, bridges, overpasses, and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country, forever altering the face of America. Long-span, segmented-concrete, cable-stayed bridges such as Hale Boggs in Louisiana and the Sunshine Skyway in Florida, and remarkable tunnels like Fort McHenry in Maryland and Mt. Baker in Washington, met many of the nation’s physical challenges. Traffic control systems and methods of construction developed under the interstate program soon influenced highway construction around the world, and were invaluable in improving the condition of urban streets and traffic patterns. Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U.S., and the U.S. with Canada and Mexico. Built with safety in mind, the highways have wide lanes and shoulders, dividing medians or barriers, long entry and exit lanes, curves engineered for safe turns, and limited access. The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S. roads (0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other roads). By opening the North American continent, highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in terms of jobs, access to cultural programs, health care, and other benefits. Above all, the interstate system provides individuals with what they cherish most: personal freedom of mobility. The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation’s economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation: more than 75 percent of the nation’s freight deliveries arrive by truck; and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle. Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers. It has allowed the relocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas to rural. By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads, residential streets, expressways, and freeways built to support millions of vehicles. The highway system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership. The year construction began he said, “Together, the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear-United States. Without them, we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts.” Statements: 1．National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921. 2．General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two-lane highways of America. 3．It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national highway system. 4．Many of the problems presented by the country’s geographical features found solutions in innovative engineering projects. 5．In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.
单选题The passage is mainly about _____.Athe construction of parking spaces in Los AngelesBthe new growth pattern of the city of Los AngelesCthe public transportation system in Los AngelesDthe problem of traffic jams in Los Angeles
单选题Some old people don’t like pop songs because they can’t ______ so much noise.AresistBsustainCtolerateDundergo
单选题Such problem （）air, water, and noise pollutions are becoming more and more serious in some big cities.AlikeBasCofDabout
单选题No sooner had Professor Smith begun to speak when some noise arose from the audience.AhadBbegunCwhenDarose
单选题Which of the following would be an example of an externality as it is defined in Passage 2?Athe extra revenue produced by increasing the price of a serviceBthe annual cost of maintaining a municipal recycling programCthe value of a beaver pelt in the wholesale marketDthe irritating noise caused by a neighbor's motorcycleEthe salaries paid to environmental workers
单选题The noise of the traffic（）Paul from his work.ApreventedBdistractedCangeredDupset