问答题The movement to establish women’s issues as important subjects of study have had a profound impact on the A B Ccurricula offered in colleges today. No error D E
问答题
The movement to establish women’s issues as important subjects of study have had a profound impact on the A B Ccurricula offered in colleges today. No error D E
参考解析
解析：
谓语动词的主语是单数名词movement，所以谓语动词应改为has led。
谓语动词的主语是单数名词movement，所以谓语动词应改为has led。
相关考题：
() received law degrees as today. A.Never so women haveB.The women aren’t everC.Women who have neverD.Never have so many women
What, then, is a good education at the end of the twentieth century? Some educators suggest that it should include foreign languages and the study of foreign cultures；a mastery of English, including the ability to write and speak well, because communications have become all-important in the modern world. and also because “a person who doesn't speak and write Clearly doesn't reason clearly either” ; some knowledge of the social sciences(sociology, psychology)that deal with human relations and human problems；some basic knowledge of modem information systems, since the educated professionals of tomorrow will have to understand their machines. Is that all? “No, of course not. ”answer the educators, “We have not mentioned the two great building blocks of education：history and literature!”Is this truly the best modern education? Perhaps. But every educator would add or subtract a few subjects. And no matter what list of courses would be offered, it would not be approved by all. Not only do the professors have their own ideas on the matter, but the students have theirs' too. “I don't believe, ”protested a Harvard student when his university revised its programs, “I don't believe that colleges have the fight to define what an educated person is. ”But then, who has?
Historians have always considered Zhang Qian’s mission important because they believe .A. be brought back knowledge of Rome to the emperorB. be discovered the Silk RoadC. be helped establish East-West tradeD. be travelled as far as Afghanistan
in more recent years, partly through canadian diplomatic efforts, things like _________ and______________ have been put on the international agenda.A. arms control, human rightsB. economic crisis, inequalityC. organized crime, drug traffickingD. women s issues, the environment
Which of the following conditional clause is a real condition________? A.If I had time, I would study FrenchB.If I have time, I will study FrenchC.If I had had time, I would have studied FrenchD.If I should have time, I would study French
Text 2In Don Juan Lord Byron wrote, "Sweet is revenge—especially to women." But a study released on Wednesday, supported by magnetic resonance imaging, suggests that men may be the more natural avengers.In the study, when male subjects witnessed people they perceived as bad guys being stroke by a mild electrical shock, their M.R.I. scans lit up in primitive brain areas associated with reward. Their brains' empathy centers remained dull. Women watching the punishment, in contrast, showed no response in centers associated with pleasure. Even though they also said they did not like the bad guys, their empathy centers still quietly gloved.The study seems to show for the first time in physical terms what many people probably assume they already know: that women are generally more empathetic than men, and that men, and that men take great pleasure in seeing revenge exacted. Men "expressed more desire for revenge and seemed to feel satisfaction when unfair people were given what they perceived as deserved physical punishment," said Dr. Tania Singer, the lead researcher, of the Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience at University College London. But far from condemning the male impulse for retribution, Dr. Singer said it had an important social function: "This type of behavior. has probably been crucial in the evolution of society as the majority of people in a group are motivated to punish those who cheat on the rest."The study is part of a growing body of research that is attempting to better understand behavior. and emotions by observing simultaneous physiological changes in the brain, a technique now attainable through imaging. "Imaging is still in its early days but we are transitioning from a descriptive to a more mechanistic type of study," said Dr. Klaas Enno Stephan, a co-author of the paper.Dr. Singer's team was simply trying to see if the study subjects' degree of empathy correlated with how much they liked or disliked the person being punished. They had not set out to look into ** differences. To cultivate personal likes and dislikes in their 32 volunteers, they asked them to play a complex money strategy game, where both members of a pair would profit if both behaved cooperatively. The ranks of volunteers were infiltrated by actors told to play selfishly. Volunteers came quickly to "very much like" the partners who were cooperative, while disliking those who hided rewards, Dr. Stephan said. Effectively conditioned to like and dislike their game-playing partners, the 32 subjects were placed in scanners and asked to watch the various partners receive electrical shocks. On scans, both men and women seemed to feel the pain of partners they liked. But the real surprise came during scans when the subjects viewed the partners they disliked being shocked. "When women saw the shock, they still had an empathetic response, even though it was reduced," Dr. Stephan said. "The men had none at all." Furthermore, researchers found that the brain's pleasure centers lit up in males when just punishment was meted out.The researchers cautioned that it was not clear if men and women are born with divergent responses to revenge or if their social experiences generate the responses. Dr. Singer said larger studies were needed to see if differing responses would be seen in cases involving revenge that did not involve pain. Still, she added, "This investigation would seem to indicate there is a predominant role for men in maintaining justice and issuing punishment."第26题：Lord Byron\'s words mean ______.A. Women are crueler than menB. Revenge on women is sweeterC. Women feel sweeter with revenge than menD. Women love to revenge
Dr. Singer thinks men are more suitable to maintain justice and issue punishment than women because _______ .A. men's brain's empathy centers remained dull when punishment was executedB. women's pleasure centers were lit up with punishment implementedC. men have no response when seeing punishment executedD. men had different experiences from women
Passage Three(31~35) Last August, Joe and Mary Mahoney began looking at colleges for their 17-year-old daughter, Maureen. With a checklist of criteria in hand, the Dallas family looked around the country visiting half a dozen schools. They sought a university that offered the teenager’s intended major, one located near a large city, and a campus where their daughter would be safe。“The safety issue is a big one,” says Joe Mahoney, who quickly discovered he wasn’t alone in his worries. On campus tours other parents voiced similar concerns, and the same question was always asked: what about crime? But when college officials always gave the same answer-“That’s not a problem here,” Mahoney began to feel uneasy。“No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today. “I just don’t buy it. ” Nor should he: in 1999 the U. S. Department of Education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses. “Parents need to understand that times have changed since they went to college,” says David Nichols, author of Creating a Safe Campus. “Campus crime mirrors the rest of the nation. ”But getting accurate information isn’t easy. Colleges must report crime statistics by law, but some hold back for fear of bad publicity, leaving the honest ones looking dangerous. “The truth may not always be obvious,” warns S. Daniel Carter of Security on Campus, Inc, the nation’s leading campus safety watchdog group。To help concerned parents, Carter promised to visit campuses and talk to experts around the country to find out major crime issues and effective solutions。第31题：The Mahoneys visited quite a few colleges last August 。A. to express the opinions of many parentsB. to choose a right one for their daughterC. to check the cost of college educationD. to find a right one near a large city
共用题干第一篇Women have contributed richly to the achievements of science and engineering in the United States.As pointed out by the National Women's History Project,it is unfortunate that many of these accomplishments have been forgotten,ignored,and even hidden as a result of cultural and social norms.In recent years,there have seen great strides in recognizing the contributions of women in all fields of study.The National Women's History Project,founded in 1980,has been one of the organizations to lead the way.It is an educational nonprofit organization whose mission is to recognize and celebrate the diverse and historic achievements of inventive women.Each year,the National Women's History Project selects women to honor them. Sometimes these honorees paved the way as pioneers;other times they built on the knowledge and work of those who came before them. They are women who advanced our medical science,thrilled us with literature,inspired us with their courage and leadership,and moved us with their art.What does the word"stride"refer to?A:Distance. B:Attack.C:Power. D:Improvement.
共用题干第一篇Women have contributed richly to the achievements of science and engineering in the United States.As pointed out by the National Women's History Project,it is unfortunate that many of these accomplishments have been forgotten,ignored,and even hidden as a result of cultural and social norms.In recent years,there have seen great strides in recognizing the contributions of women in all fields of study.The National Women's History Project,founded in 1980,has been one of the organizations to lead the way.It is an educational nonprofit organization whose mission is to recognize and celebrate the diverse and historic achievements of inventive women.Each year,the National Women's History Project selects women to honor them. Sometimes these honorees paved the way as pioneers;other times they built on the knowledge and work of those who came before them. They are women who advanced our medical science,thrilled us with literature,inspired us with their courage and leadership,and moved us with their art.Which of the following about the National Women's History Project is not right?A:It is a nonprofit organization.B:It is to recognize various contributions of creative women.C:It is the first organization to recognize women's contributions in the United States.D:It honors women every year.
共用题干ADHD Linked to Air PollutantsChildren have an increased of attention problems,seen as early as grade school,if their no-ses inhaled（吸入）a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study.Released when things aren't burned completely,this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,or PAHs.The biggest sources of these PAHs:the burning of fossil fuels, wood and trash.Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health in New York City.She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health.In a new study,she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew（排放）PAHs into the air and lungs, Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe（探查）other sources of PAHs,ones that's would have been hard for an individual to avoid．The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy.The reason:Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb.Nine years later,the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children,now age 9 .They asked each child's mother a series of questions.These included whatever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained（长期的）mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The sci-entists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent,careless mis-takes .All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD.About one in U.S.children has ADHD.Among the women studied,traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure,Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood .Others had high levels.Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9 .The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE. The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in har-ming the subjects' physical health.A:RightB: WrongC:Not mentioned
共用题干ADHD Linked to Air PollutantsChildren have an increased of attention problems,seen as early as grade school,if their no-ses inhaled（吸入）a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study.Released when things aren't burned completely,this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,or PAHs.The biggest sources of these PAHs:the burning of fossil fuels, wood and trash.Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health in New York City.She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health.In a new study,she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew（排放）PAHs into the air and lungs, Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe（探查）other sources of PAHs,ones that's would have been hard for an individual to avoid．The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy.The reason:Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb.Nine years later,the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children,now age 9 .They asked each child's mother a series of questions.These included whatever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained（长期的）mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The sci-entists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent,careless mis-takes .All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD.About one in U.S.children has ADHD.Among the women studied,traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure,Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood .Others had high levels.Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9 .The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE. The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD.A: RightB: WrongC: Not mentioned
共用题干第一篇Women have contributed richly to the achievements of science and engineering in the United States.As pointed out by the National Women's History Project,it is unfortunate that many of these accomplishments have been forgotten,ignored,and even hidden as a result of cultural and social norms.In recent years,there have seen great strides in recognizing the contributions of women in all fields of study.The National Women's History Project,founded in 1980,has been one of the organizations to lead the way.It is an educational nonprofit organization whose mission is to recognize and celebrate the diverse and historic achievements of inventive women.Each year,the National Women's History Project selects women to honor them. Sometimes these honorees paved the way as pioneers;other times they built on the knowledge and work of those who came before them. They are women who advanced our medical science,thrilled us with literature,inspired us with their courage and leadership,and moved us with their art.Who might become the honorees of the National Women's History Project?A:Female doctors.B:Female social activists.C:Female writers.D:All of the above.
According to the article, why is the merger of Poynter Technologies and Carce Company mentioned in the book? （ ）A.To point out the legal issues raised by new technologiesB.To show how the world's largest computer technology firm was createdC.To indicate that large companies have advantages in the marketplaceD.To illustrate the impact technology has on transactions
When researchers first discovered a link in the late 1990s between childhood adversity and chronic health problem later in life, the real revelation was how common those experiences were across all socioeconomic groups. But the first major study to focus on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) was limited to a single healthcare system in San Diego. A study published in JAMA Pediatrics- the largest nationally representative study to date on ACEs一confirms that these experiences are universal, yet highlights some disparities among socioeconomic groups.The current study finds three out of five adults across the U.S. had at least one adverse experience in their childhood, such as divorce, a parent's death, physical or emotional abuse, or a family member's incarceration or substance abuse problem. A quarter of adults have at least three such experiences in childhood, which according to other research- increase their risk for most common chronic diseases, from heart disease and cancer to depression and substance abuse."This is the first study of this kind that alows us to talk about adverse childhood experience as a public health problem in the same way we talk about obesity or hypertension or any other highly prevalent population risk factor" says Adam Schickedanz, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, who was not involved in the research. "Up until now,we haven't really had a study that takes a national look .The study researchers, led by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention researcher Melissa T. Merrick, analyzed data from 214, 157 adults in 23 states recently. The participants answered 11 questions about whether they'd experienced what have now become well recognized as ACEs: parental separation or divorce, child abuse (physical, emotional and sexual ), domestic violence and living with someone who has been incarcerated or has a mental ilness or a substance use disorder.Nearly 62 percent of respondents had at least one ACE and a quarter reported three or more. The remaining respondents had at least two ACES, including 16 percent with four or more such experiences .Those identifying as black or Latino and those with less than a high school education or an annual income below $15,000 were more likely to have more ACES. Women, younger adults,unemployed people and those unable to work also tended to have more ACES. But Schickedant cautions that, while the disparities are real, it's important to recognize how common these experiences are among all people, including white and middle class families.”This study shows that ACEs affect people from all walks of life everywhere," he says.This new study suggests that a need to target prevention resources where they can help most,says Jack Shonkoff, a professor of child health and development at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. This requires identifying what makes some people more susceptible than others to the effects of adversity,“Nobody is immune to adverse experiences in childhood but for some population groups, they're a larger burden of childhood adversity than others." he says. What can we learn from the passage?A. There are gender differences in the effect of ACEs.B. Genetics play an important role in health outcomes.C. Middle class families are more likely to have more ACEs.D. ACEs can exert lifelong impact on people's mental health.
共用题干Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators. The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they af-fect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Con-servation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They're al-so very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”“In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the grassland food web,”Sanders said.The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Europe,including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.Dirk Sanders'study centered on how ants______.A: can manage to thrive in huge numbersB: defend their resources and territory against other predatorsC: attack those invading animals for survivalD: produce such a big impact on the environment
Passage FiveIn 1924,Nordic ski events were held at the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix,France．But the American skiers came home without medals．Norway took most of the medals for cross-country and ski jumping events that year．They did the same for many years after．From 1924 through 1972,the American skiers had no medals to show for their Olympic trips．The U．S．was generally thought to be weak in ski competitionBut in 1974 it was discovered that the U．S．record was slightly better than people had been led to believe．And Norway's record was not quite as good．The discovery was a surprise and a delight to American ski fans,but even more so to American skier Anders Haugen．After fifty years,Anders got the medal he should have won back in 1924．In the ski jump event at Chamonix in 1924,Haugen had scored in fourth place．He had just missed earning a medal．His score was 17．916,just slightly behind Thorleif Haug of Norway．Haug's score of 18 had won him the bronze medal．But in 1974,Norway's National Olympic Committee did a check of all final Olympic results．There had been an error in?computing?Haug's score!So Haugen,now,an elderly man,traveled across the ocean for his award．On September 12,1974,hewas given a bronze medal in a special ceremony at the Norway Ski Museum．The writer says“the discovery was a surprise and a delight to American ski fans”in order to______A.show that the error and its correction were important to ski fans as well as to HaugenB.show that the error was more important to fans than to HaugenC.suggest that the Americans cared more about the error than the NorwegiansD.suggest that there had been no error
共用题干第二篇Going Her Own WayWhen she was twelve,Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life.She decided that she wanted to continue her education.Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay at home afterprimary school,though some attended private Catholic"finishing"schools.There they learned a little about music,art,needlework,and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested Maria-or her mother. By this time,she had begun to take her studies more seriously.She read constantly and brought her books everywhere.One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study in the dark.Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way.That meant attending the public high school,something that very few girls did.In Italy at the time,there were two types of high schools:the"classical"schools and the"technical"schools. In the classical schools,the students followed a very tradi- tional program of studies,with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature,and Italian literature and history. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools.Maria,however,wanted to attend a technical school.The technical schools were more modern than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages,mathematics,science,and accounting. Most people一including Maria's father一believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects. Furthermore,they did not think it was proper for girls to study them.Maria did not care if it was proper or not.Math and science were the subjects that interested her most. But before she could sign up for the technical school,she had to win her father's approval. She finally did, with her mother's help,though for many years after,there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to oppose her plans,while her mother helped her.In 1883,at age thirteen,Maria entered the"Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti"in Rome. Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine.Though the courses included modern subjects,theteaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way. Teachers were very demanding;discipline in the classroom was strict;punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient.Maria's father probably__________.A:had very modern views about women B:had traditional views about womenC:had no opinion about womenD:thought women could not learn Latin
She won′t be available between 6 and 8,for she ______ an important meeting.A.has had B.had hadC.would have had D.will be having
__________ was a protest movement by American youth that arose in the late 1960s.A.Free Speech MovementB.The Women's MovementC.Anti-War Movement D.Counter Culture Movement
In the course of time， the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s（） studies， such as sociology and psychology.
You would have passed the test if you （）.A、Studied hardB、would study hardC、had studied hardD、Have studied hard
问答题Passage 2 Many scientists have wondered whether there is some quirk in the way depression is inherited, such as a depressed parent or grandparent is more likely to pass on a predisposition for the disorder to female than to male descendants. Based on studies that trace family histories of depression, the answer to that question appears to be no. (1)______ Simply tracing family histories, though, without considering environmental influences, might not offer a complete picture of how depression is inherited. Indeed, Kenneth S. Kendler and his colleagues at the Medical College of Virginia found in a study of 2060 female twins that genetics might contribute to how women respond to environmental pressures. The researchers examined twins with and without a family history of depression; some twins in both groups had recently undergone a trauma, such as the death of a loved one or a divorce. The investigators found that among the women who did not have a family history of depression, stressful events raised their risk for depression by only 6 percent. (2)______. A similar study has not been done in men, leaving open the question of whether environmental stress and genetic risk for depression interact similarly in both sexes. But research is being done, to determine whether men and women generally experience similar amounts and types of stress. Studies of key hormones hint that they do not. Hormones are not new to depression researchers. Many have wondered whether the gonadal steroids estrogen and progesterone--whose cyclic fluctuations in women regulate menstruation--might put women at a greater risk for depression. There are at least two ways in which they might do so. First, because of differences between theX and Y chromosomes, male and female brains are exposed to different hormonal milieus. (3)______. Indeed, animal experiments show that early hormonal influences have marked behavioral consequences later on, although the phenomenon is of course difficult to study in humans. Second, the fact that postpuberal men and women have different levels of circulating gonad steroids might somehow pull women at higher risk for depression. Research shows girls become more susceptible to depression than boys only after puberty, when they begin menstruating and experience hormonal fluxes. (4)______. For example, Peter J. Schmidt and David R. Rubinow of the National Institute of Mental Health recently reported that manipulations of estrogen and progesterone did not affect mood, except in women who suffer from severe premenstrual mood changes. It now appears, however, that estrogen might set the stage for depression indirectly by priming the body's stress response. During stressful times, the adrenal glands--which sit on top of the kidneys and are controlled by the pituitary gland in the brain--secrete higher levels of a hormone called cortical, which increases the activity of the body's metabolic and immune systems, among others: (5)______. Evidence is emerging that estrogen might not only increase cortical secretion but also decrease mortise’s ability to shut down its own secretion. The result might be a stress response that is not only more pronounced but also longer-lasting in women than in men.[A] But the same risk rose almost 14 percent among the women who did have a family history of depression. In other words, these women had seemingly inherited the propensity to become depressed in the wake of crises.[B] To figure out why depression is more common among women, scientists have to study how genetics and environment divide the sexes and how the two conspire to produce the symptoms we describe as depression.[C] In the normal course of events, stress increases cortical secretion, but these elevated levels have a negative feedback effect on the pituitary, so that cortical levels gradually return to normal;[D] Despite their importance, estrogen and cortical are not the only hormones involved in female depression, medium stress is not the only environmental influence that might hold more sway over women than men.[E] These hormonal differences may affect brain development so that men and women have different vulnerabilities and different physiological reactions to environmental stresses later in life.[F] Even so, scientists have never been able to establish a direct relation between emotional states and levels of estrogen and progesterone in the blood of women.[G] Women and men with similar heritage seem equally likely to develop disorder.
单选题Three days later, the IOC announced that Johnson’s test had been positive and he had disgraced the sports movement.AdishonoredBdestroyedCdiscriminatedDdisguised
单选题The gyrocompass error resulting from your vessel’s movement in OTHER than an east-west direction is called（）.Adamping errorBballistic deflectionCquadrantal errorDspeed error
问答题Passage 2The History of Women’s Suffrage A In the early nineteenth century, women were considered second-class citizens whose existence was limited to the interior life of the home and care of the children. Women were considered subsets of their husbands, and after marriage they did not have the right to own property, maintain their wages, or sign a contract, much less vote. It was expected that women be obedient wives, never to hold a thought or opinion independent of their husbands. It was considered improper for women to travel alone or to speak in public. With the belief that intense physical or intellectual activity would be injurious to the delicate female biology and reproductive system, women were taught to refrain from pursuing any serious education. Silently perched in their birdcages, women were considered merely objects of beauty, and were looked upon as intellectually and physically inferior to men. This belief in women’s inferiority to men was further reinforced by organized religion which preached strict and well-defined sex roles. B The Seneca Falls Convention The women’s suffrage movement was formally set into motion in 1848 with the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York. The catalyst for this gathering was the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in 1840 in London and attended by an American delegation which included a number of women. In attendance were Lucretia Mort and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who were forced to sit in the galleries as observers because they were women. This poor treatment did not rest well with these women of progressive thoughts, and it was decided that they would hold their own convention to “discuss the social, civil and religious rights of women”. Using The Declaration of Independence as a guideline, Stanton presented her Declaration of Principles in her hometown chapel and brought to light women’s subordinate status and made recommendations for change. Resolution 9 requesting the right to vote was perhaps the most important in that it expressed the demand for sexual equality. Subsequent to the Seneca Falls Convention, the demand for the vote became the centerpiece of the women’s rights movement. C Suffrage During the Civil War During the Civil War, women’s suffrage was eclipsed by the war effort and movement for the abolition of slavery. While annual conventions were held on a regular basis, there was much discussion but little action. Activists such as slave-born Sojourner Truth, Elizabeth Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony lectured and petitioned the government for the emancipation of slaves with the belief that, once the war was over, women and slaves alike would be granted the same rights as the white men. At the end of the war, however, the government saw the suffrage of women and that of the negro as two separate issues and it was decided that the negro vote could produce the immediate political gain, particularly in the South, that the women’s vote could not. Abraham Lincoln declared, “This hour belongs to the negro.” D Women Unite With the side-stepping of women’s rights, women activists became enraged, and the American Equal Rights Association was established by Stanton and her colleagues in 1866 in effort to organize in the fight for women’s rights. In 1868, the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment proved an affront to the women’s movement, as it defined “citizenship” and “voters” as “male”, and raised the question as to whether women were considered citizens of the United States at all. The exclusion of women was further reinforced with the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, which enfranchised black men. In a disagreement over these Amendments, the women’s movement split into two factions. In New York, Stanton and Anthony established the radical National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Henry Blackwell organized the more conservative American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) in Boston. These two groups later merged in 1890 to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) under the leadership of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. E Winning the Vote Susan B. Anthony was arrested for attempting to vote for Ulysses S. Grant in the 1872 presidential election. Six years later, in 1878, a Women’s Suffrage Amendment was introduced to U.S. Congress. With the formation of numerous groups, such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), the National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW), the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) and, the Women’s Trade Union League, the women’s movement gained a full head of steam during the 1890’s and early 1900’s. The U.S. involvement in World War I in 1918 slowed down the suffrage campaign as women pitched in for the war effort. However, in 1919, after years of petitioning, picketing, and protest parades, the Nineteenth Amendment was passed by both houses of Congress and in 1920 it became ratified under the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. F Amendment xix 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate legislation. (Ratified August 26, 1920) G Equal Rights Amendment Upon this victory of the vote, the NAWSA disbanded as an organization, giving birth to the League of Women Voters. The vote was not enough to secure women’s equal rights according to Alice Paul, founder of the National Woman’s Party (NWP), who moved to take women’s rights one step further by proposing the Equal Rights Amendment (E.R.A.) to Congress in 1923. This demand to eliminate discrimination on the basis of gender failed to pass. The push for the E.R.A. continued on a state-by-state basis, until the newly formed National Organization for Women (NOW) launched a national campaign during the 1960’s. Despite many heated debates and protests, the E.R.A., while passed by Congress in 1972, has never been ratified. Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1. In the early nineteenth century it was generally believed that men and women performed different roles in society. 2. The World Anti-Slavery Convention preceded the first Women’s Right Convention. 3. During the American Civil War, the Women’s suffrage movement flourished. 4. Men were not allowed to join the National Woman Suffrage Association. 5. The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was less radical than the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). 6. Abraham Lincoln was not sympathetic to the women’s movement.